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teaching_python.html
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<!doctype html>
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<meta charset='UTF-8'><meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width initial-scale=1'>
<title>Python爬虫小内训提纲.md</title><link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,700,400&subset=latin,latin-ext' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /><style type='text/css'>html {overflow-x: initial !important;}#write, body { height: auto; }
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<div id='write' class = 'is-node'><h1><a name='header-n0' class='md-header-anchor '></a>Python爬虫小内训</h1><blockquote><p>By 天健社技术部</p><p>技术部部长张帅、副部长程鉴如、部员陈昕元</p></blockquote><h2><a name='header-n7' class='md-header-anchor '></a>Python简介</h2><h3><a name='header-n8' class='md-header-anchor '></a>Python历史及特点</h3><p>名字来源于作者喜欢的名为Monty Python的喜剧团体，简洁、易上手、面向对象、功能强大，在科学计算、机器学习方面应用广泛。与同为科学计算语言的MATLAB相比，具有开源免费的优点。</p><p><img src='img/programming-language.png' alt='' /></p><p>与C、C++、Java等不同的是，Python可以直接通过命令行执行。</p><p>因为Python现成的包很多，所以很多复杂的功能可以只通过几行Python代码来实现。而这个功能可能需要C/C++写几十行甚至几百行才能实现。</p><p>Python有Python2和Python3，推荐使用Python3.</p><h3><a name='header-n19' class='md-header-anchor '></a>基本语法</h3><h4><a name='header-n20' class='md-header-anchor '></a>基本数据类型及操作</h4><p>真假：bool</p><p>数字：int、float（可以使用>, >=, <, <=, ==等来比较大小）</p><p>字符串：str，<code>'我是字符串'</code>与<code>"我是字符串"</code>没有区别</p><p> 最常用==来比较是否相同，使用+来进行字符串拼接，也可以使用>, >=, <, <=等来比较大小</p><p>逻辑：<code>and</code>, <code>or</code></p><p>列表：</p><p>索引从0开始数起</p><p><code>tj_list=["技术部", "人资部", "活动部", "全媒体中心", "项目部", "公关部", "唐氏之家"]</code></p><ul><li><code>tj_list.append("天健社")</code>用于添加元素</li><li><code>tj_list.insert(0, "天健社")</code>在索引为0的位置添加元素，原先的元素向后移动一个</li><li><code>tj_list.pop(0)</code>用于删除索引为0的元素</li><li><code>len(tj_list)</code>就是<code>7</code></li><li><code>tj_list[0]</code>就是<code>"技术部"</code></li><li><code>tj_list[-1]</code>就是<code>"唐氏之家"</code></li><li><code>"技术部" in tj_list</code>就是<code>True</code></li></ul><p>字典：<code>tj_dict={"技术部部长":"张帅", "技术部副部长":"程鉴如"}</code></p><ul><li><code>tj_dict["技术部部长"]</code>就是<code>"张帅"</code></li><li><code>"技术部部长" in tj_dict</code>就是<code>True</code>，但是<code>"张帅" in tj_dict</code>是<code>False</code></li></ul><p>赋值：<code>=</code></p><p>注释：<code># 这里是注释</code></p><p>导入其他包：<code>import requests</code>，<code>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup</code>（可以按Alt+Enter）</p><h4><a name='header-n74' class='md-header-anchor '></a>第一条Python代码</h4><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-tab" role="presentation" cm-text=" "> </span><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"hello, world!"</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 54px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 84px;"></div></div></div></pre><h4><a name='header-n76' class='md-header-anchor '></a>条件</h4><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-tab" role="presentation" cm-text=" "> </span><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-number">2</span><span class="cm-operator">></span><span class="cm-number">1</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"我是一个小机灵鬼"</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">else</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"我还不够机灵"</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 121px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 151px;"></div></div></div></pre><h4><a name='header-n78' class='md-header-anchor '></a>循环</h4><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-tab" role="presentation" cm-text=" "> </span><span class="cm-variable">lst</span> = [<span class="cm-string">"张帅"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"程鉴如"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"陈昕元"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"张迪"</span>]</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">lst</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 98px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 128px;"></div></div></div></pre><h4><a name='header-n80' class='md-header-anchor '></a>函数</h4><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><span><span></span>x</span></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">myfunction</span>(<span class="cm-variable">s</span>):</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">return</span> <span class="cm-variable">s</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">"坏坏"</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text=""></span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">lst</span> = [<span class="cm-string">"张帅"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"程鉴如"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"陈昕元"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"张迪"</span>]</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-tab" role="presentation" cm-text=" "> </span><span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">lst</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-tab" role="presentation" cm-text=" "> </span><span class="cm-variable">y</span> = <span class="cm-variable">myfunction</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-tab" role="presentation" cm-text=" "> </span><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">y</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 190px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 220px;"></div></div></div></pre><h4><a name='header-n82' class='md-header-anchor '></a>面向对象</h4><p>一个类别的东西有共同的特点，可以执行相同的操作。</p><h3><a name='header-n85' class='md-header-anchor '></a>Python的小用处举例</h3><p><strong>不用U盘，局域网传文件</strong></p><p>首先进入要分享的文件所在的文件夹，比如要分享的文件夹是<code>D:\电影</code>，只需</p><ol start='' ><li>在命令行里面打<code>cd /d "D:\电影"</code>（双引号建议加上）</li><li>然后打命令<code>ipconfig</code>查看自己的IP地址（Mac需要打<code>ifconfig</code>）</li><li>然后打<code>python -m http.server</code>（Windows需要关闭防火墙）</li></ol><p>浏览地址：<code>自己的IP地址:8000</code>（冒号为英文冒号）</p><p>IP地址可以通过以下命令查看：</p><ul><li>Windows：<code>ipconfig</code></li><li>MacOS：<code>ifconfig</code></li></ul><h2><a name='header-n111' class='md-header-anchor '></a>爬虫简介</h2><p>按照我们设置的规则，自动抓取网站信息。</p><p>常用requests库模拟网络请求，BeautifulSoup库来解析网页。</p><h3><a name='header-n116' class='md-header-anchor '></a>网络请求的例子</h3><p>使用Chrome浏览器查看Network-XHR(XmlHttpRequests)，用如下代码，将<code>password</code>值修改为自己的密码，运行即可</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text=""></span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">username</span> = <span class="cm-string">'151220162'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">password</span> = <span class="cm-string">'yourpassword'</span> <span class="cm-comment"># 这里填你的密码</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">login_data</span> = {<span class="cm-string">'username'</span>: <span class="cm-variable">username</span>, <span class="cm-string">'password'</span>: <span class="cm-variable">password</span>}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">'http://p.nju.edu.cn/portal_io/login'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">login_data</span>))</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"登录完成"</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 187px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 217px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-n120' class='md-header-anchor '></a>网页解析的例子</h3><p>打开Chrome浏览器，以<code>p.nju.edu.cn</code>为例，查看修改网页元素</p><p>注意<code>class</code>属性可能有多个值</p><h2><a name='header-n125' class='md-header-anchor '></a>爬虫实战</h2><h3><a name='header-n126' class='md-header-anchor '></a>抓取网页上所有图片</h3><p>关键点</p><ul><li>找到所有img标签：<code>find_all('img')</code></li><li>获取标签里的src属性：<code>get('src')</code></li></ul><p>源代码</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python" style="break-inside: unset;"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre>x</pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">bs4</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text=""></span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">res</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://www.douban.com/doulist/240962/'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">soup</span> = <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span>(<span class="cm-variable">res</span>.<span class="cm-property">text</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lxml'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">img_list</span> = <span class="cm-variable">soup</span>.<span class="cm-property">find_all</span>(<span class="cm-string">'img'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cnt</span> = <span class="cm-number">0</span></span></pre><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">img</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">img_list</span>:</span></pre></div><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">cnt</span>)</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">src</span> = <span class="cm-variable">img</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'src'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-variable">src</span>)</span></pre><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">open</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">str</span>(<span class="cm-variable">cnt</span>)<span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">'.png'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'wb'</span>)</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>.<span class="cm-property">write</span>(<span class="cm-variable">r</span>.<span class="cm-property">content</span>)</span></pre><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>.<span class="cm-property">close</span>()</span></pre></div><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cnt</span> = <span class="cm-variable">cnt</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-number">1</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 366px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 396px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-n139' class='md-header-anchor '></a>抓取网页上所有电影海报</h3><p>关键点</p><ul><li><p>确保class属性在字典<code>img.parent.parent.attrs</code>中</p><p><code>'class' in img.parent.parent.attrs</code></p></li><li><p>确保post在class属性的值列表<code>img.parent.parent.attrs['class']</code>中</p><p><code>'post' in img.parent.parent.attrs['class']</code></p></li></ul><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python" style="break-inside: unset;"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">bs4</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text=""></span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">res</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://www.douban.com/doulist/240962/'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">soup</span> = <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span>(<span class="cm-variable">res</span>.<span class="cm-property">text</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lxml'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cnt</span> = <span class="cm-number">0</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">img</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">soup</span>.<span class="cm-property">find_all</span>(<span class="cm-string">'img'</span>):</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-string">'class'</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">img</span>.<span class="cm-property">parent</span>.<span class="cm-property">parent</span>.<span class="cm-property">attrs</span> <span class="cm-keyword">and</span> <span class="cm-string">'post'</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">img</span>.<span class="cm-property">parent</span>.<span class="cm-property">parent</span>.<span class="cm-property">attrs</span>[<span class="cm-string">'class'</span>]:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">cnt</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">src</span> = <span class="cm-variable">img</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'src'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-variable">src</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">open</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">str</span>(<span class="cm-variable">cnt</span>)<span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">'.png'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'wb'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>.<span class="cm-property">write</span>(<span class="cm-variable">r</span>.<span class="cm-property">content</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>.<span class="cm-property">close</span>()</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cnt</span> = <span class="cm-variable">cnt</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-number">1</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 366px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 396px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-n154' class='md-header-anchor '></a>抓取热门电影的热门评论</h3><p>最后放一个抓取热门电影的热门评论的代码，有兴趣的可以直接运行一下试试</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python" style="break-inside: unset;"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 4px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre>x</pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">codecs</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">os</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">re</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">bs4</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span>, <span class="cm-variable">Tag</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text=""></span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">__name__</span> == <span class="cm-string">'__main__'</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">moviesDir</span> = <span class="cm-string">'movie-comments/'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">os</span>.<span class="cm-property">path</span>.<span class="cm-property">isdir</span>(<span class="cm-variable">moviesDir</span>): <span class="cm-comment"># moviesDir这个目录已经存在</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">moviesDir</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">"目录已存在！"</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">exit</span>()</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">else</span>: <span class="cm-comment"># 不存在则新建一个</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">os</span>.<span class="cm-property">mkdir</span>(<span class="cm-variable">moviesDir</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-comment"># 浏览器请求头（大部分网站没有这个请求头会报错、请务必加上哦）</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">headers</span> = {<span class="cm-string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="cm-string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko)\</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string"> Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1"</span>}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">begin_url</span> = <span class="cm-string">"https://www.douban.com/doulist/240962/"</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">res</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-variable">begin_url</span>, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">soup</span> = <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span>(<span class="cm-variable">res</span>.<span class="cm-property">text</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lxml'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">movieItems</span> = <span class="cm-variable">soup</span>.<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">id</span>=<span class="cm-string">'content'</span>).<span class="cm-property">find_all</span>(<span class="cm-string">"div"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">class_</span>=<span class="cm-string">'doulist-item'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">i</span>, <span class="cm-variable">movieItem</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-builtin">enumerate</span>(<span class="cm-variable">movieItems</span>):</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">movieA</span> = <span class="cm-variable">movieItem</span>.<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">"div"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">class_</span>=<span class="cm-string">'bd doulist-subject'</span>).<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'div'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">class_</span>=<span class="cm-string">'title'</span>).<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'a'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">movieName</span> = <span class="cm-variable">movieA</span>.<span class="cm-property">get_text</span>().<span class="cm-property">strip</span>()</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">movieHref</span> = <span class="cm-variable">movieA</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'href'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">str</span>(<span class="cm-variable">i</span>)<span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">movieName</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">":"</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">movieHref</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">commentRes</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-variable">movieHref</span>, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">commentSoup</span> = <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span>(<span class="cm-variable">commentRes</span>.<span class="cm-property">text</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lxml'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">comments</span> = <span class="cm-variable">commentSoup</span>.<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'section'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">class_</span>=<span class="cm-string">'reviews mod movie-content'</span>).<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'div'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">class_</span>=<span class="cm-string">'review-list'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">comment_</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">comments</span>.<span class="cm-property">contents</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">comment</span> = <span class="cm-variable">comment_</span>.<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">"div"</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-builtin">isinstance</span>(<span class="cm-variable">comment</span>, <span class="cm-variable">Tag</span>):</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">commentItem</span> = <span class="cm-variable">comment</span>.<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'div'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">class_</span>=<span class="cm-string">'main-bd'</span>).<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'h2'</span>).<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-string">'a'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">commentTitle</span> = <span class="cm-variable">commentItem</span>.<span class="cm-property">get_text</span>()</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">commentHref</span> = <span class="cm-variable">commentItem</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'href'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"\t"</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">commentTitle</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">":"</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">commentHref</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cmtRes</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-variable">commentHref</span>, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cmtSoup</span> = <span class="cm-variable">BeautifulSoup</span>(<span class="cm-variable">cmtRes</span>.<span class="cm-property">text</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lxml'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">cmtText</span> = <span class="cm-variable">cmtSoup</span>.<span class="cm-property">find</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">id</span>=<span class="cm-string">'link-report'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-comment"># print(cmtText.get_text())</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">movieName</span> = <span class="cm-variable">re</span>.<span class="cm-property">sub</span>(<span class="cm-string">r"[/\\:*?\"<>|]"</span>, <span class="cm-string">" "</span>, <span class="cm-variable">movieName</span>) <span class="cm-comment"># 将所有非法字符替换为空格</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">dirName</span> = <span class="cm-variable">moviesDir</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-builtin">str</span>(<span class="cm-variable">i</span>) <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-variable">movieName</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">"/"</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-keyword">not</span> <span class="cm-variable">os</span>.<span class="cm-property">path</span>.<span class="cm-property">isdir</span>(<span class="cm-variable">dirName</span>): <span class="cm-comment"># 若目录不存在，则创建一个</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">os</span>.<span class="cm-property">mkdir</span>(<span class="cm-variable">dirName</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">fileName</span> = <span class="cm-variable">commentTitle</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-string">'.txt'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">fileName</span> = <span class="cm-variable">re</span>.<span class="cm-property">sub</span>(<span class="cm-string">r"[/\\:*?\"<>|]"</span>, <span class="cm-string">" "</span>, <span class="cm-variable">fileName</span>) <span class="cm-comment"># 将所有非法字符替换为空格</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">with</span> <span class="cm-variable">codecs</span>.<span class="cm-property">open</span>(<span class="cm-variable">dirName</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">fileName</span>, <span class="cm-string">'w'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">encoding</span>=<span class="cm-string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="cm-keyword">as</span> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>.<span class="cm-property">write</span>(<span class="cm-variable">cmtText</span>.<span class="cm-property">get_text</span>())</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-comment"># break</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-comment"># break</span></span></pre><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text=""></span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 1195px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 1225px;"></div></div></div></pre><p> </p></div>
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