DFMAP.rtf

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\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \sbasedon222\snext5 Indent 1;}{\s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 \sbasedon222\snext6 Table 1;}{\s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 
\sbasedon222\snext7 Indnt 2;}{\s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \sbasedon222\snext8 Computer text;}{\s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 \sbasedon222\snext9 Table 2;}{
\s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 \sbasedon222\snext10 Parameter indent;}{\s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 \f20\fs22 \sbasedon222\snext11 References;}{\s12\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx4968\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 \sbasedon222\snext12 parameters box;}}{\info{\title DFM290 Documentation}{\author Philip Sargent}}\paperw11376\margl1440\margr1440\margt864\margb864\facingp\widowctrl\ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd 
\linemod0\linex0\cols1\endnhere {\footerr \pard\plain \s243\qj\sa120\sl240\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640 \f20\fs22 \tab \chpgn \par 
}\pard\plain \qc\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\b CONTENTS\par 
}\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \par 
\pard\plain \s233\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 TABLE 1: NOMENCLATURE AND UNITS\tab 2\par 
OPERATING MANUAL FOR DFM290\tab 4\par 
\pard\plain \s232\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 1.  INTRODUCTION\tab 4\par 
2.  HARDWARE\tab 4\par 
3.  LOADING THE PROGRAM\tab 4\par 
\pard\plain \s231\qj\li1440\ri720\sa120\sl240\tldot\tx8280\tqr\tx8640 \f20\fs22 3.1  \tab 4\par 
3.2  Running the Program\tab 5\par 
3.3  Running the Program\tab 5\par 
3.4  Command-Line Options\tab 5\par 
\pard\plain \s232\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 4.  RUNNING THE PROGRAM\tab 6\par 
\pard\plain \s231\qj\li1440\ri720\sa120\sl240\tldot\tx8280\tqr\tx8640 \f20\fs22 4.1  Selection 'C': Creating\tab 6\par 
4.2  Selection 'R': Reading a file\tab 9\par 
4.3  Editing\tab 11\par 
4.4  Deleting\tab 11\par 
4.5  \tab 11\par 
4.6  Selection 'S': The Same Material\tab 11\par 
4.7  The End\tab 12\par 
\pard\plain \s232\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 5.  DATA SETS, PARAMETERS AND THE MAPS\tab 12\par 
\pard\plain \s231\qj\li1440\ri720\sa120\sl240\tldot\tx8280\tqr\tx8640 \f20\fs22 5.1 Data Sets\tab 12\par 
5.2 Material Parameters\tab 13\par 
5.3 The Map Variables\tab 14\par 
5.5 The Maps\tab 15\par 
\pard\plain \s232\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 6.  TUNING THE DATA \tab 16\par 
\pard\plain \s231\qj\li1440\ri720\sa120\sl240\tldot\tx8280\tqr\tx8640 \f20\fs22 6.1 Developing a Data Set\tab 16\par 
6.2 Tuning the Parameters\tab 16\par 
\pard\plain \s232\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 7.  THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG\tab 17\par 
\pard\plain \s231\qj\li1440\ri720\sa120\sl240\tldot\tx8280\tqr\tx8640 \f20\fs22 7.1  The program won't load\tab 17\par 
7.2  The program loads but refuses to read data or aborts when run\tab 17\par 
7.3  The printer won't print   \tab 17\par 
7.4  The printer prints text or rubbish but not graphics\tab 17\par 
7.5  Run-time\tab 18\par 
7.6  Subtler problems\tab 19\par 
\pard\plain \s232\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 APPENDIX A:  The Mechanisms and Rate Equations\tab 20\par 
APPENDIX B:  Scaling Relations\tab 21\par 
APPENDIX C:  Data, Data Sets and SOurces\tab 23\par 
References\tab 23\par 
\pard\plain \s233\qj\ri720\sa120\sl240\tx8260\tqr\tx8640 \b\f20\fs22 Index\tab 24\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \sect \sectd \pgnrestart\linemod0\linex14\headery0\footery240\cols1\endnhere\titlepg {\footerl \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain 
\i\f20 \tab Operating Manual for DFM290\par 
}}{\footerr \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 Operating Manual for DFM290\tab page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain \i\f20 \par 
}}{\footerf \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 Operating Manual for DFM290\tab page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain \i\f20 \par 
}}\pard\plain \qc\li720\sb1200\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\i D R A F T}   O P E R A T I N G   M A N U A L  \par 
\pard \qc\li720\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 F O R   \par 
\pard \qc\li720\sb1200\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\plain \b\f20 DFM290\par 
}\pard \qc\li720\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\plain \b\f20 A PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTING DEFORMATION MECHANISM MAPS  \par 
}\pard \qc\li720\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 by  \par 
P.M. SARGENT\par 
\pard \qc\li720\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Cambridge University Engineering Department,  \par 
\pard \qc\li720\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K.  \par 
\pard \qc\li720\sb240\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\plain \b\f20 JUNE 1993}\par 
\pard \qj\li720\sb1200\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
The program DFM290 is based on current models for deformation   mechanisms, and is supplied with data files for a number of   crystalline materials.  Every care has been taken in selecting the   models and in critically assessing the data; but further rese
arch will   certainly improve on both.  The program aims to assemble the best of   current thinking into a useful package.  No guarantee can be given,   however, that all possible mechanisms and phenomena are included, or   that inaccuracies do not 
exist in the data.  The user must consult the   sources and form his own judgement.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \page \par 
\pard\plain \s255\qc\sa720\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22 TABLE 1: NOMENCLATURE AND UNITS\par 
\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 a{\dn12 c}D{\dn12 0c}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Dislocation core diffusion{\v \:See core diffusion\:}}} pre-exponential term (m$/s)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 b\tab Burgers vector (m)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 dD{\dn12 0b}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 {\v Grain boundary diffusion\:See Boundary diffusion\:}}}Boundary diffusion; pre-exponential term (m/s) ob\par 
D{\dn12 v}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 {\v Lattice diffusion\:See Volume diffusion\:}}}Volume diffusion; coefficient (m{\up12 3}/s)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 D{\dn12 0v\tab }Pre-exponentials for volume (lattice) diffusion (m{\up12 2}/s)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 g\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Grain size}} (microns)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \tab Shear strain rate (s{\fs18\up12 -1})\par 
k\tab Boltzmann's constant (1.38 x 10{\up12 -26 }J/K)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 u{\fs18\dn12 0}, u{\fs18\dn12 300}\tab Shear modulus at O K, at 300 K (GPa)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 n\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Creep exponent}}\par 
Q{\dn12 b}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Activation energy}} for boundary diffusion (kJ/mol)\par 
Q{\dn12 c}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Activation energy}} for core diffusion (kJ/mol)\par 
Q{\dn12 v}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Activation energy}} for volume (lattice) diffusion (kJ/mol)\par 
Q{\dn12 plc}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Activation energy}} for {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 power-law creep }}(kJ/mol)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 R\tab Gas constant (8.314 J/mol.K)\par 
T\tab Temperature, absolute (K)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 T{\dn12 m}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Melting{\v  point}}} temperature, absolute (K)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \tab Shear stress (MPa)\par 
\tab Yield strength (MPa)\par 
\pard \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Reference{\v \:Stress}}} stress for creep: see text (MPa)\par 
{\scaps Omega}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Atomic volume}} of diffusing species (m{\up12 3})\par 
E{\dn12 o}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Activation energy}} for obstacle-controlled glide (-)\par 
E{\dn12 p}\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Activation energy}} for {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Peierls stress}}-controlled glide (-)\par 
\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s7\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sa120\sl240\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Temperature }}dependence of the shear modulus (-)\par 
\pard\plain \s255\qc\sa720\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22 \page OPERATING MANUAL FOR DFM290\par 
\pard\plain \sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \f20\fs22 {\plain \b\f20 1.\tab }{\b\caps INTRODUCTION\par 
}{\plain \b\f20 2.\tab }{\b\caps REQUIRED HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEM\par 
}{\plain \b\f20 3.\tab }{\b\caps LOADING THE COMPILED PROGRAM\par 
}\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 3.1\tab Reading files onto a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 hard-disc}}\par 
3.2\tab Loading the program from the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 hard-disc}}\par 
\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 3.3\tab Loading the program from a floppy disc\par 
\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 3.4\tab Command{\v -line;}-Line Options\par 
\pard \sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 {\plain \b\f20 4.\tab }{\b\caps RUNNING THE COMPILED PROGRAM\par 
}\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 4.1\tab Selection "C": Creating a data set\par 
4.2\tab Selection "R": Reading a data set\par 
4.3\tab Editing a data set\par 
4.4\tab Deleting a data set\par 
4.5\tab Duplicating a data set\par 
4.6\tab Selection "S": The Same material\par 
\pard \sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 {\plain \b\f20 5.\tab }{\b\caps DATA SETS, PARAMETERS, VARIABLES AND THE MAPS\par 
}\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 5.1\tab Data sets\par 
5.2\tab Material parameters\par 
5.3\tab The variables\par 
5.4\tab The maps\par 
\pard \sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 {\plain \b\f20 6.\tab }{\b\caps TUNING THE DATA, AND TUTORIAL EXAMPLES\par 
}\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 6.1\tab Developing a data set\par 
6.2\tab Tuning the parameters\par 
6.3\tab Tutorial Example 1: Map for copper\par 
6.4\tab Tutorial Example 2: Map for alumina, an oxide ceramic\par 
\pard \sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 {\plain \b\f20 7.\tab }{\b\caps THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG\par 
}\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 7.1\tab The program won't load\par 
7.2\tab The program loads but won't read data\par 
7.3\tab The printer won't print\par 
\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 7.4\tab The printer prints but not {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}}\par 
\pard \qj\sa60\sl240\tx720\tx1440 7.5\tab Run-time errors and subtler problems\par 
\pard \li72\sb120\sa120\sl240\tx2160\tqr\tx9043 {\b\caps APPENDIX A:\tab THE MECHANISMS AND RATE EQUATIONS\par 
APPENDIX B:\tab SCALING RELATIONS\par 
APPENDIX C:\tab DATA, DATA FILES AND SOURCES\par 
}\pard \sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 {\b\caps REFERENCES\par 
INDEX\par 
}\pard\plain \s255\qc\sa720\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22 \page OPERATING MANUAL FOR DFM290\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul 1.  INTRODUCTION\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 This program constructs deformation mechanism maps for meta
ls, ceramics and semiconductors.  It uses models and rate equations devised by a very large number of researchers which have been rationalised and summarised in the book "Deformation Mechanism Maps" by Frost and Ashby (1982), and further work published by 
Sargent and Ashby (see references). Sections 2 to 5 of this manual explain how to load and run the program.  Section 6 contains tutorial examples which introduce the user to the procedure for developing accurate maps.  Section 7 lists some of the errors th
at can crop up in the use of the program, and how to fix them. The program code is written in {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Turbo Pascal}} version 5.5.  No knowledge of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 Pascal{\v \:See Turbo Pascal\:}}}, and no other sofware, is needed to run it.  The disc contains everything.\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul {\plain \b\f20\fs22\ul 2.  HARDWARE}{\plain \b\v\f20\fs22\ul {\xe\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul {\plain 
\b\v\f20\fs22\ul Hardware\: See Printer, Graphics}}\par 
}\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The program is designed to run on an {\scaps\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\scaps IBM}}} {\scaps PC} or {\scaps PS/2},or a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 Compaq}} or equivalent, operating under {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS{\v \:Version}}} 2.11 or higher, with at least 640K of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 RAM}}
 and optionally, an 8087 math co-processor.  It is a great help to have a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 hard-disc}}.  The program is designed for a micro with a standard {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 colour}} display ({\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 VGA}}, {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 EGA}} or {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 CGA}}
), but will run perfectly well on a monochrome system ({\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 VGA}} or {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Hercules}}).  The only required peripheral is a {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v printer}}}printer capable of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}}.  The standard {\scaps\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\scaps IBM}}} dot-matrix printer
{\b\v\ul  }{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v printer}}} or one of the Epson LX or LQ series printers is fine, but a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Hewlett-Packard}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 laserjet}} or equivalent will require extra {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 software}}, which is not supplied 
with this package (see section 7.4). The compiled code is for a 286 or more recent processor, with a numeric coprocessor, but it can be recompiled for older machines without coprocessors very easily.\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul 3.  LOADING THE PROGRAM\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The disc contains DFM290 in compiled form, together with a number of data files. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 3.1  {\plain \v\f20\fs22 {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\plain \i\v\f20\fs22 Data set\:Read}{\plain \v\f20\fs22 ing}}}
 Reading the Files onto a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 Hard-disc}}\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The best way to run the program is from a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 hard-disc}}.  If your computer has one, then follow these steps.\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab Make a {\f22\fs17 DIRECTORY} to put the files in.  To do so, switch on the computer, wait for the C> prompt and type\par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab MD  \\DFMAP \tab (R) \par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \tab (The slash is a backslash \\ , not a  /.  The\tab {\f22\fs17 (R) }means "carriage" return" key).  This creates a directory called {\f22\fs17 DFMAP}.\par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (b)\tab Enter the new directory.  To do so, type\par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab CD  \\DFMAP\tab (R)\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (c)\tab {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 Data set\:Reading}}}
Read the files into the directory.  To do this, put the supplied {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy disc }}in Drive A and type\par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab COPY A:*.* \tab (R) \par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \tab with no spaces after the A.  The discs sing for a bit, and finally you get the message\par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab 18 FILES COPIED. \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Remove the disc and store it somewhere safe. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 3.2  Running the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 Program}} from the {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 Hard-disc}}\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Make sure you are in DRIVE C: and in the DFMAP directory, type: \par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab CD \\DFMAP\tab (R)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Then type:  \par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab DFM\tab (R) \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 ((R) means "carriage return").  \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Batch files}}} batchfile called {\f22\fs17 DFM.BAT} loads {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 memory}}-resident software (needed to print the maps on your {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v printer}}} printer, see 7.4) and runs the program {\f22\fs17 DFM290}
.  The opening screen appears.  It is described in a moment. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 3.3  Running the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 Program}} from the Floppy Disc\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab Insert the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy disc }}in {\f22\fs17 DRIVE A:}\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (b)\tab Type \par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab A: \tab (R)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (c)\tab Wait for the  {\f22\fs17 A>}  prompt, and type:\par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab DFM\tab (R)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Batch files}}} batchfile {\f22\fs17 DFM.BAT} loads {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 
GRAPHICS.COM}}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 memory}}-resident software (which you need to print the maps on the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v printer}}}
printer, see 7.4); then it runs DFM290.  The opening screen appears.  Section 4 tells you what to do next. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 3.4  Command-Line Options\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The program has a number of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 options{\v \:See Command line}}} which can be helpful if you are running a lot of {\v data }
sets of data using your own {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 batch files}} usage:     \par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 {\fs22 \tab \tab DFM290 <matlname> <options>\par 
}\pard \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 e.g.{\fs22 \tab \tab DFMAP290 copper /f /w:\\op\\copper.lst /s-\par 
}\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where\par 
{\f22 <matlname>} is the name of a set of materials parameters previously\par 
loaded into the datafile, such as "copper"\par 
{\f22 <options>}  are as below:\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /h or /?}\tab brief help and information only - this text\par 
{\f22\fs17 /f\tab }fast option, no interaction with user\par 
{\f22\fs17 /d\tab }as /f above, but with a 10 s delay for each map on the screen\par 
{\f22\fs17 /e\tab }display exit codes only\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /s+\tab }produce a strain-rate map (default){\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 {\v default values}}}\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /s-\tab }do not produce a strain-rate map\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /t+\tab }produce a temperature map (default){\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 {\v default values}}}\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /t-\tab }do not produce a temperature map\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /l\tab }write a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 listing{\v \:To a printer}}} of the material parameters to the printer {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 {\v printer}}}\par 
{\f22\fs17 /w:<fn>\tab }writes the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 listing {\v \:To a file}}}to a file instead of the printer\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 \tab }(<fn> denotes full path & filename)\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 {\f22\fs17 /o\tab }produce an {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 Olivetti}} plot (640 x 400) on screen\par 
{\f22\fs17 /c\tab }produce a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \f20\fs22 CGA}} plot (640 x 200) on screen\par 
\pard \qj\fi-1440\li2160\sl240\tx720\tx2160 \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Invalid or incomplete options are ignored.\par 
\pard \qj\li720\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul 4.  RUNNING THE PROGRAM\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The opening screen looks like this.\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 \tab {\uldb                            \line }\tab M E C H A N I S M   M A P S\line \par 
\pard \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912            P. M. Sargent, Cambridge University\line \line 
This program calculates and plots Deformation Mechanism Maps.  Details of the equations and of the models on which they are based are given in: H.J. Frost & M.F. Ashby, "Deformation Mechanism Maps". Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. (1983).\par 
\pard \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912        This software comes with NO WARRANTY.\par 
\pard \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \line Press  W for warranty information\par 
Press  C for copying information\line Press  H for help, including some useful hints \par 
\pard \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 If you select  H  you get two screens-full of HELP, outlining the function of the program.  Press any other key, such as the space-bar, to proceed.  The screen displays:\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290 \tab \tab 30 Mar. 1990\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 CREATE OR READ A MATERIAL DATA SET\line \line Press  C  to Create a data set for a new material. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box
\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 data set{\v \:Creating}}}\line Press  R  to Read an existing {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 data set{\v \:Reading}}}. \line 
Press  D  to Duplicate data and give it a new name.{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Data set\:Duplicating}}}\line \line Press  H  for {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 help{\v  screen}}}. \line Press  A  for additional command-line information. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Command line}}}\line Press  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 ^C}} at any prompt to {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 quit}} (discarding data) \line \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 MAKE SELECTION\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Selection 'C' allows you to {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Data set\: Creating}}}Create a new data set for a material. Selection 'R' permits you to {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 Data set\:}Read{\v ing}}}
 an existing data set. Selection 'H' gives a help screen which reminds you of requirements for a valid material name (a material name can have up to 9 letters or numbers, and certain other symbols; and it must not contain any spaces{\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Help Screen}}}).\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The next two subsections detail the operation of the 'C' and 'R' options.\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.1  Selection 'C': {\plain \v\f20\fs22 {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20\fs22 Data set\:}Creating}} a file
\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The program contains special features to help you create and check {\v data }sets of material parameters and of map variables.  If you make the selection 'C' you will see:\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\par 
\pard \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 THE DATA FILE CURRENTLY CONTAINS \line \line          FE-ALPHA             TI-ALPHA          ZR-ALPHA\line      ALUMINA              TI-BETA                ZR-BETA\line 
      {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 COPPER            }}CO-EPSLON              GERMANIUM\line        LEAD             MAGNESIA               MAR-M200\line 
       SI3N4              MOLYBDM                 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 NICKEL}}\line     {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 ROCKSALT                  }}SIC                {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 SILICON}}\line 
     SILVER               SS-304                 SS-316\line    T-STEEL                  TIN               TUNGSTEN\line    URANIA             {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 
Y-Ba-CuO}}              ALUMINIUM\line {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 POTASSIUM}}\line \line \tab Enter NAME of Material ... \tab copper\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The upper part of the screen lists {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 data} set{\v \:Pre-existing}}}
s of existing data.  Do not reuse these names unless you mean to overwrite the existing data, if you do, you will be asked to confirm your decision.  (The sets of data and names supplied may differ slightly from those listed here.)\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Enter a new material data set name, following the rules (up to 9 characters beginning with a letter, no spaces).  As an example: enter {\f22\fs17 DUMMY}.  Press return.\par 
To be legal, a material name must have one through nine characters (either letters of the alphabet or numbers 0 through 9), and the special characters # % - ( ) $ !  .  Thus\par 
\pard \sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\f22\fs17 \tab COPPER      MARBLE-5      TUNGSTEN      and      PMMA#1 \par 
}\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 are all legal names.  The data sets are all stored in the same file {\f22\fs17 MATLPARS.DAT}.  This file can be edited {\v data set:Editing;}
using any plain-text editor or most word-processors in "non-document" mode.  If you do edit the data file directly, it is sensible to do this on a copy and to keep a backup of your original.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Having given a material name, the list of {\i .i.}material parameters; appears: \par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\tab INPUT PARAMETERS FOR\tab DUMMY \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 0{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 \tab Isomechanical Class}}:\line 1{\v {\xe
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 \tab Melting point}} Point\tab K               \line 2\tab T-dependence of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Modulus}\line }\line 3:\tab Shear .i.Modulus; @ O K\tab GPa\line 4:\tab OK Flow Stress (lattice)\line 5:\tab OK Flow Stress (obstacles)\line 6:\tab Lattice Glide Actv. {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain 
\s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Activation}{\plain \v\f22  }{\v Energy}}}\tab (mu.b^3)\line 7:\tab Obstacle Glide Actv. {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Activation}{\plain \v\f22  }{\v Energy}}}{\v \tab }(mu.b^3)\line 8:\tab Pre-exp. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Volume{\v  diffusion}
}} Diffusion\tab m^2/s\line 9:\tab Activ. energy, Vol. Diff.\tab kJ/mol\line 10:\tab Pre-exp. Bdry Diffusion\tab m^3/s{\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v 
Boundary diffusion}}}{\v \line }\line 11:\tab Activ. energy, Bdry.Diff.\tab kJ/mol\line 12:\tab Pre-exp. {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Core diffusion}}}Diffusion
\tab m^4/s\line 13:\tab Activ. energy, Diff.\tab kJ/mol\line 14:\tab Power Law {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Creep}{\plain \v\f22  }}}Exponent\line 15:\tab {\v 
{\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Reference{\v \: Stress}}} stress, P-L creep\tab MPa\line 16:\tab Activ. energy for P-L creep\tab kJ/mol\line 17:\tab Burgers vector\tab m\line 18:\tab {
\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Atomic{\v  volume}}} Volume\tab m^3\line \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 EDIT THE FILE ?   (Y/N)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The first parameter is the "isomechanical class"{\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Isomechanical }{\v\f22\fs17 Class}}}{\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Class\: See Isomechanical Class\:}}}.  Change the default ("unknown") by pressing the Tab key, you can go back by pressing the Shift and Tab key together.  When yo
u find the description that most closely describes your new material, press the Return key.  All the rest are numeric. The PARAMETERS are more defined fully in Section 5.1.  Enter the best estimates you can, but put zeros (0) where you don't know a value. 
When you enter zero, the program calls up scaling relations to estimate values for the missing parameters, using methods which are described in APPENDIX B.  When the table is full (it goes over two pages), you will be asked whether you wish to edit it.  An
swer "N" for "no" this time.  You will then be asked whether you wish to save it, press "Y" for "yes" when prompted.  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Data set\:}Editing}} is discussed in a moment.\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Data set\:}Creating}} a new file for
\tab DUMMY \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 17\tab Burgers vector\tab m\tab 3.5E-10 \line 18\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 
\f22\fs17 Atomic {\v volume}}}Volume\tab m^3 \line 19\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Phonon {\v drag}}{\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Drag}} Coefficient \line 20\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Electron{\v  drag}}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Drag}} Coefficient \line 21\tab Power-Law Breakdown Stress \line 22\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Diffusion{\v \:} Cut-off stress}} \line 23\tab Phase Change Temperature\tab K\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 ENTER PARAMETERS\par 
\pard\plain \qj\li720\sa240\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The list of VARIABLES now appears.\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\tab INPUT VARIABLES FOR\tab COPPER\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 1\tab NumberofProgramSteps\tab =\tab 25\line 2\tab Grainsizem\tab =\tab 3.OE-05\line 3\tab Lowerlimit,S/muaxis\tab =\tab 1.OE-06\line 4\tab 
Upperlimit,S/muaxis\tab =\tab 0.01\line 5\tab Lowerlimit,T/TMaxis\tab =\tab 0\line 6\tab Upperlimit,T/TMaxis\tab =\tab 1\line 7\tab Firststrain-ratecontour1/s\tab =\tab 1.OE-14\line 8\tab Multiplier:strainrates\tab =\tab 100\line 9\tab 
Numberstrain-ratecontours\tab =\tab 10\line 10\tab Lowerlimit,StrainRateaxis1/s\tab =\tab 1.OE10\line 11\tab Upperlimit,StrainRateaxis1/s\tab =\tab 1.OE-4\line 12\tab HighestTemperaturecontourK\tab =\tab 1356\line 13\tab TemperaturebetweencontoursK\tab =
\tab 100\line 14\tab Numbertemperaturecontours\tab =\tab 10\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 EDIT THE FILE   (Y/N)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 These map VARIABLES govern the choice of plot, the range of the axes, the values of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 variable}}
s which are to be held constant in a given plot, and the number of program steps; and they include also the grain size of the material.  A full description is given in Section 5.2.  If you already know some or all of these, enter them.  If not, enter zeros
 (0).  The program automatically replaces zeros by reasonable starting values.  When the table is full, decline to edit it by pressing 'N' then save it by pressing 'Y'.  ({\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Data set\:Editing}}}
Edit it if you wish, using the procedure described in Section 4.3). You are now given an opportunity to type a description of the data, your sources and comments.  Type anthing you like, and finish by pressing the 'Alt' key and the 'W' key at the same time
.  You will then be given an opportunity to edit your description.\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\v Data set\:}Creating}}
 a new reference for  DUMMY           30 Mar. 1990\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \line \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 Use the cursor keys, {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 Finish}}
 with "Alt-W". \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 You now have a complete set of files for {\f22\fs17 DUMMY}.  You are asked if you want a {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 printout{\v\f22\fs17 \: See Listing\:}}}
 (a printed list) of the data.\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290     Immediate printout for     COPPER \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 SELECT TYPE OF PRINTOUT\line Press   N   No {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 
Listing}}.    \line Press   O   an Ordinary Listing.    \line Press   E   an {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Epson}} dot-matrix  REDUCED SIZE  Listing.    \line 
Press   L   a Laser-printer  REDUCED SIZE  Listing.{\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\plain \f22 Laserjet}}}\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Press appropriate key   ({\f22\fs17 N/O/E/L})  If you type 'O', 'E' or 'L' then the tables plus any {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 data check }}}DATA CHECK messages (se
e next paragraph) are printed. \par 
The program now checks the files against known limits, using {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 isomechanical }}scaling laws described in Appendix B.  You will see    \par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290          CHECK ON INPUT DATA FOR COPPER \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 -----------  DATA  CHECK  COMPLETE  ----------\line \line \line The RUN-TIME for this map is roughly  =   61 seconds \line \line \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 RE-EDIT  FILES BEFORE PROCEEDING ?  (Y/N)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Any parameter or variable which lies outside the expected, normal range is flagged: a message appears on the screen.  A DATA-CHECK {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
{\plain \f22 data check }}}message does not necessarily mean that the datum is wrong, but it is suspect or very unusual.  You should {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 check}}
 it.  Physically unreasonable data will cause the program to abort.  If it does, start again by typing  DFM  and look hard at the DATA-CHECK {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 data check }}}
messages when they appear.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Below this is an estimate of the run-time needed to plot one map; it depends roughly linearly on the number of steps and on the number of contours (a map with 10 contours and 20 steps takes about 20 seconds; one with 1
50 steps takes 6 minutes on a PS/2-50).  Below this is the question\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
'RE-EDIT THE FILES BEFORE PROCEEDING?'. If you are happy with the files as they are, type 'N'.  The program then calculates and plots the maps.  They are described in Section 5. When a map is completed, pressing the space-bar will cause it to go on to the 
next.  After the last map, an opportunity to finish is given (see section 4.7 below) and, if you wish to continue, the main menu reappears.  If you wish to stop a map in the middle, press 
the 'Esc' key.  This aborts the map.  Then press space-bar to go on to the next as usual.\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.2  Selection 'R': Reading a file\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 To read an existing {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 data set{\v \:Reading}}}
(rather than create a new set), make the selection 'R' (instead of 'C') at the main menu.  The list of available datasets {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 data set }}}
appears, as on Page 7.  You are asked for a name: enter one of the names on the screen.  The name must appear exactly as on the screen (except that lower and upper case letters can be interchanged).  If you enter
 an invalid name the program will ignore it and you will have to type it again correctly.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Enter a name (COPPER for instance) and press return.  The name appears in white.  If it is what you want, accept it by typing 'Y'. The table of material parameters for COPPER appears:\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\tab INPUT PARAMETERS FOR\tab COPPER\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 0 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Isomechanical {\v Class}}}:\tab fcc\line 1 {\v 
{\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Melting{\v  point}}} Point K\tab =\tab 1356\line 2 T-dependence of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Modulus}}\tab =\tab 0.4823715\line 3 Shear {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Modulus}} @ O K GPa\tab =\tab 53.566593\line 
4 OK Flow Stress (lattice)\tab =\tab 6.3E-03\line 5 OK Flow Stress (obstacles)\tab =\tab 1.3E-03\line 6 Lattice Glide Actv. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\plain \f22 Activation 
}Energy}} (mu.b^3)\tab =\tab 0.05\line 7 Obstacle Glide Actv. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\plain \f22 Activation }Energy}} (mu.b^3)\tab =\tab 0.5\line 8 Pre-exp. {\v {\xe
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Volume{\v  diffusion}}} Diffusion m^2/s\tab =\tab 6.2E-05\line 9 Activ. energy, Vol. Diff. kJ/mo1\tab =\tab 207\line 10 Pre-exp. Bdry Diffusion m^3/s\tab =
\tab 5.12E-15\line 11 Activ. energy, Bdry.Diff. kJ/mo1\tab =\tab 105\line 12 Pre-exp. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Core {\v diffusion}}}Diffusion m^4/s\tab =\tab 1.0E-24\line 
13 Activ. energy, {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Core {\v diffusion}}}Diff. kJ/mo1\tab =\tab 117\line 14 Power Law {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box
\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Creep }}Exponent\tab =\tab 4.8\line 15 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Reference{\v \:Stress}}} stress, P-L creep MPa\tab =\tab 35
\line 16 Activ. energy for P-L creep kJ/mo1\tab =\tab 197\line \line \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 EDIT  THE  DATA ?    (Y/N)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\tab INPUT PARAMETERS FOR\tab COPPER\par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 \line 17\tab Burgers vector m\tab =\tab 2.56E-10\line 18\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Atomic {\v volume}}}Volume m^3\tab =\tab 1.18E-29\line 19\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Phonon {\v drag}}{\xe\pard\plain 
\s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Drag}} Coefficient\tab =\tab 6.OE-10\line 20\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Electron{\v 
 drag}}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Drag}} Coefficient\tab =\tab 2.OE-08\line 21\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Power-Law Breakdown }}Stress\tab =\tab 1.OE-03\line 22\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Diffusion{\v \:} Cut-off stress}}\tab =\tab 0.3
\line 23\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Phase change }{\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 Temperature }}K
\tab =\tab 1356\line \tab \tab PgUp for more\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 EDIT THE FILE ?    (Y/N)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 and you are given the opportunity to edit it.  this is followed by the map Variables, again with the edit option, and finally the 'reference' or comment text. Bibliographic Information\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 After the material 'Parameters' and the map 'Variables', there is an opportunity to add a textual {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 reference{\v \:Text}}}
 to the source of the information and perhaps a few {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 comments}}.  The text can be edited whenever it appears on the screen, and can be changed by overtyping:\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17  DFM290        REFERENCE DESCRIPTION FOR COPPER  \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 COMMERCIAL PURITY COPPER \line \line Data are from \line \line 
Frost H.J. and Ashby M.F. "Deformation Mechanism Maps", Pergamon Press, Oxford (1982); and from \line \line Swinkels F.B. and Ashby M.F. Acta Metall. 29 (1981) 259; and \line \line Helle A.S., Easterling K.E. and Ashby M.F. Acta Metall. 33 (1983) 2163.
\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 EDIT  THE  DATA ?     (Y/N) \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Use the cursor (arrow) keys to move to where your wish to edit. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Finish}} by pressing the {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 <Alt><W>}}} keys together ('W' stands for 'windup'. Again, the offer of editing.  Decline in with an 'N' for the moment. You are asked whether you want a har
d copy or not.  Accepting ('O', 'L', or 'E') dumps the tables, plus any later DATA CHECK{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data check }} }messages, to the printer. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v 
printer}}} The program then executes a DATA CHECK{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data check }}} and displays any material parameters or variables which lie outside the normally expected range.  Take DATA CHECK{\v {\xe
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data check }}}
 seriously.  If one appears, make sure that the number you entered is in the right units and has the right sign.  Physically unreasonable data cause the program to abort.  If it does, you have to start again by typing  DFM290.\par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290          CHECK ON INPUT DATA FOR COPPER \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 -----------  DATA  CHECK  COMPLETE  ----------\line The RUN-TIME for this map is roughly  =   61 seconds \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 RE-EDIT  FILES BEFORE PROCEEDING ?  (Y/N)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The words {\f22\fs17 DATA CHECK}{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data check }}} {\f22\fs17 COMPLETE}
 mean what they say.  Below appears an estimate of the run time per map; it depends on the number of steps and number of contours.  If the run-time is too long, or you have second thoughts about other parameters or variables, accept the o
ffer of re-edit.  Otherwise press 'N'.  The program then computes and displays the maps. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.3  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\v Data set\:}Editing}} a set of data\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Whenever a set of data is displayed, the message\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 EDIT THE DATA  (Y/N) ? \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
will appear, sooner or later, along the bottom line of the display. If you accept ('Y'), you are prompted for the line-number that you wish to edit.  Enter the number and press (R).  The descriptor for that line appears on the bottom line of the display.  
Enter the new value and press (R).  It immediately appears in the table, and (on {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 colour}} displays) the edited line is picked out in white.  The bottom line now reads\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 FINISHED EDITING  (Y/N) ? \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The response 'N' gives you another go.  The response 'Y' terminates editing of that file and confronts you with\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 SAVE THE DATA  (Y/N) ?\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 It is usually best to save it - if you don't, you have no record of the values.  If you do, you overwrite the previous version of that data set.  Watch out for DATA CHECK{\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data check }}} messages, and {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 check}} any change that you have
 made with special care if one appears.  You can get a hard copy of the edited files on the printer {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v printer}}}immediately before the maps are calculated even if you haven't saved the data.. 
\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.4  {\plain \i\v\f20\fs22 .iData set:}Deleting; a set of data\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 If your disc gets too full, you may wish to delete some of the data {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 data} set{\v \:Deleting}}}
s it contains.  To delete a file, exit from the DFM290 program (press 'Q' for {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Quit}} when prompted, or press the {\f22\fs17 <Ctrl>C }keys at any prompt).  The {\f22\fs17 C:\\DFMAP>} or {\f22\fs17 
A:\\>} prompt appears.  Use a word processor or text editor to edit the file {\f22\fs17 MATLPARS.DAT} and delete all files beginning with the name of the material you wish to discard.  But be careful. Once they are gone, they are gone. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.5  {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20 Data set\:Duplicating}}}Duplicating a Data Set\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
Selection 'D' on the main menu presents the list of existing material data sets and asks for the original material, and then a new name for the copy.  It then leads directly in to the editing screens since the normal use for this option is to make some sma
ll number of changes to an already loaded data set. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.6  Selection 'S': The Same Material\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 After all the maps have been produced, the main menu reappears - with an extra option, 'S':{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Data set\:Same}}} \par 
\pard\plain \s2\li1440\ri1440\sb240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx3600\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 DFM290\tab \tab 30 Mar. 1990 \par 
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 CREATE OR READ A MATERIAL DATA SET\line \line Press  S  for the same material.\line Press  C  to Create a {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 data set{\v \:Creating}}} for a new material.\line Press  R  to Read an existing {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 data set{\v \:Reading}}}.\line Press  D  to Duplicate data and give it a new name.{\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\plain \f22 
Data set\:Duplicating}}}\line \line Press  H  for {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 help{\v  screen}}}.\line Press  A  for additional command-line information.{\plain \v\f22 {\xe
\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 {\plain \f22 Command line}}}\line Press {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 ^C}}
  at any prompt to {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 \f22\fs17 quit }}(discarding data).{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s3\li1440\ri1440\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx5760\tqr\tx6912 
\f22\fs17 ^C{\v \:See }<Ctrl><Break>{\v \:}}}\line \par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 MAKE SELECTION \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
which, if selected, retains the same data as used in the previous maps without reloading it from disc.  (Note that if the data had been edited and not saved to disc, then it is the edited data which will be used again). \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 4.7  The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 End}}\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 After the maps are produced, an opportunity to {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v finish}} {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v quit}} {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 exit}} the program is given:\par 
\pard\plain \s4\qc\li1440\ri1440\sa240\sl192\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tx2880\tx6480\tqr\tx8208 \f22\fs17 TO  QUIT  TYPE   "Q"\line \line TO  CONTINUE,  PRESS  ANY  OTHER  KEY\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul 5.  DATA SETS, PARAMETERS AND THE MAPS \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 5.1  Data Sets\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 A number of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 data set}}s are provided with the program, and more can be created by using the Create and Duplicate options from the main menu.  A {
\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Data Set}} for a material consists of a set of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} values, a set of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
Variable}} values, and some Bibliographic information which are described below.  The Data Sets supplied with the program are listed in Table 5.1.\par 
\pard \qj\li720\sa120\sl240\keepn\tx720\tx1440 TABLE 5.1:   DATA SETS{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\li720\sa120\sl240\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data set}}}\par 
\pard\plain \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 DATA NAME\tab DESCRIPTION\par 
\pard \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 COPPER}}}{\f22\fs17 \tab }Commercial purity copper\line {\f22\fs17 LEAD
\tab }Commercial purity lead\line {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 NICKEL}}}{\f22\fs17 \tab }Commercial purity nickel\line {\f22\fs17 SILVER\tab }Commercial purity silver
\par 
\pard \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 {\f22\fs17 TUNGSTEN\tab }Commercial purity tungsten\line {\f22\fs17 MOLYBDM\tab }Commercial purity molybdenum\line {\f22\fs17 FE-ALPHA\tab }Commercial purity BCC iron\line {\f22\fs17 
TI-ALPHA\tab }Commercial purity alpha (HCP) titanium\par 
{\f22\fs17 TI-BETA\tab }Commercial purity beta (BCC) titanium\line {\f22\fs17 ZR-ALPHA\tab }Commercial purity alpha (HCP) zirconium\line {\f22\fs17 ZR-BETA\tab }Commercial purity beta (BCC) zirconium\line {\f22\fs17 TIN\tab }Commercial purity tin\par 
{\f22\fs17 MAR-M200\tab }Superalloy MAR-M200\line {\f22\fs17 SS-304\tab }Grade 304 stainless steel\line {\f22\fs17 SS-316\tab }Grade 316 stainless steel\line {\f22\fs17 T-STEEL\tab }Tool steel\par 
\pard \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 ROCKSALT}}}{\f22\fs17 \tab }Sodium chloride, rock salt\line {\f22\fs17 
ALUMINA\tab }Commercial aluminium oxide ceramic\line {\f22\fs17 MAGNESIA\tab }Commercial magnesium oxide ceramic\line {\f22\fs17 URANIA\tab }Uranium dioxide\par 
{\f22\fs17 CO-EPSLON\tab }Epsilon phase cobalt\line {\f22\fs17 Y-BA-CUO\tab }Yttrium-barium-copper oxide{\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 Y-Ba-CuO}}}\line {\f22\fs17 
ZIRCONIA\tab }Zirconium dioxide\line {\f22\fs17 GERMANIUM\tab }Germanium, semiconductor purity\par 
{\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s9\li720\ri576\sl240\keep\keepn\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3168 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 SILICON}}}{\f22\fs17 \tab }Silicon, semiconductor purity\line {\f22\fs17 SIC\tab }Alpha silicon carbide\line {\f22\fs17 SI3N4\tab }
Silicon nitride\line {\f22\fs17 INSB\tab }Indium antimonite, semiconductor purity\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 These data provide a {\i starting point only}.  They are derived from measurements on a wide variety of different batches of material and {\i have not been checked}
.  It is essential that the data are tuned to match the particular batch of material with which you are working.  The procedure for doing this is outlined in Section 6.  The DFM290 program corrects mistakes which were present in earlier {\v {\xe
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Fortran }}programs so {\v data}sets from ref. (1) will require re-evaluation against even the old experimental data. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 5.2  Material Parameters\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 material{\v  Parameter\:See Parameter\:}}}
 parameters describe the properties of the material you wish to model.  At the very least, you must know {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 0, the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
isomechanical class}}, and {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 1: The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 melting point}}
.  If you know no other (and enter zeros) the program makes sensible estimates for the rest (Appendix B), enters them and proceeds.  But you cannot expect the maps to be of any real value if this is all you provide. As you add more data, the estimates for 
the remaining blanks become more accurate.  The idea is to let you compute a first guess for the map; it can then be refined by using data from actual yield and creep experiments.\par 
The other MATERIAL PARAMETERS are the obvious ones that are needed to evaluate the models of deformation mechanisms: modulus, yield strength, {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 diffusion {\v \:See Volume, Boundary, Core\:}}}
coefficients, creep constants, etc.  All are in SI units.  Stresses are in MPa, shear modulus in GPa.  The creep parameters need a bit more explanation, given below, and are discussed\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 fully in Appendix B.  In slightly more detail, then:\par 
\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 0:\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Isomechanical {\v class}}}.
\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 1:\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Melting point}}, Tm, of the solid, in units of degrees Kelvin (K).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 2:\tab The temperature dependence of the shear {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 modulus}}:\tab 
it is entered as a positive number (e.g. 0.5).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 3:\tab Shear {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 modulus}}
, , for the material at room temperature, in units of Giga-Pascals (GPa or GN/m{\up12 2}).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 8:\tab The pre-exponential for lattice diffusion, D, in units of metres squared per second (m{\up12 2}/s).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 9:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 activation energy}} for lattice diffusion, Q , in units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 10:\tab 
The pre-exponential for grain boundary diffusion, D ; the usual pre-exponential is multiplied here by the boundary thickness (usually about 2 atom diameters), so the units are metres cubed per second (m{\up12 3}/s).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 11:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 activation energy }}
for grain boundary diffusion, Q , in units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 12:\tab The pre-exponential for dislocation {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 core diffusion}}, a{\dn12 c} D{\dn12 0c}
 , units of metres to the fourth per second (m{\up12 4}/s).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 13:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 activation energy }}for core diffusion, Q{\dn12 c}
, in units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 14:\tab The power-law {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 creep exponent}}, n. Is the dimensionless {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 exponent}} in the power-law creep equation = A. ( / ) . exp (- Q /RT) where is the shear strain rate caused by a shear stress , and n, A and Q are creep constants.\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 15:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 reference{\v \:Stress}}}
 stress for power-law creep, , an unfamiliar quantity. It is the stress required to cause a steady tensile creep rate of 10 /s at a temperature of one half of the absolute melting temperature. This way of characterising creep has a number of advantages. Fo
r details see Appendix B. \par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 16:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 activation energy }}for power-law creep, Q , in units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 17:\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Burger's vector}}, {\ul b}:the dislocation slip distance (in metres).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} 18:\tab The atomic volume, {\scaps Omega}, in units of cubic metres (m).\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
Some of the parameters will need further adjustment to give an accurate map; guidance in doing this is provided in Section 6.  When modelling an alloy or a ceramic the atomic volume and the diffusion coefficients are those for the slowest diffusing species
 if this (as is usual) is rate-controlling in mass transport.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 A listing of some of the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} data sets provided with the program is given in Appendix C.  Tables of conversion factors for units are giv
en in the inside covers of this manual.\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 5.3  The Map Variables\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 map{\v  Variable\:See Variable}}} VARIABLES include everything that is not a material property.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Briefly, they are:\par 
\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 1:\tab An important variable - the number of program {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 steps}}. The value 30 gives a map very quickly, and is useful to {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 check}}
 that the axes are set correctly.  Increasing the number of steps increases the precision, but it also increases the run-time, roughly in proportion to the number of steps.  Use 150 for a really p
recise map. The program resets numbers less than 2 to 2; and it resets numbers greater than 300 to 300 (default : 40).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 2:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 grain size}} (in microns, 10   metres).\par 
Variables 3 & 4      The end values of the range of normalised {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 shear stress }}(  / ) axis.  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Default values}}
: 10{\up12 -6}   and 10{\up12 -2} .\par 
Variables 5 & 6:     The end values of the range of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 homologous temperature}} (T/T{\dn12 m}) axis.  Defaults 0.0 and 1.0.\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 7:\tab Lowest {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 {\v contours\:Strain rate}}} contour.  Defaults 10    s  .\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 8:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 {\v Contours\:}Multiplying factor }}
by which the strain-rate increases between contours (default value : 100).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 9:\tab The number of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 contours {\v \:Number of}}}
(default : 10, giving, with the other default values, contours which span the range 10    to 10  s .\par 
Variables 10 & 11      The range of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 strain rate}}s for the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 axes}} of the strain-rate/stress plot\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 12:\tab The temperature of the highest {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 contours\:}Temperature}} contour (K).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 13:\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 {\v Contours\:}{\plain \f22 T}emperature Difference}} between {\v temperature }
contours (K).\par 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 14:\tab The number of temperature {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s10\qj\fi-2160\li2880\sa120\sl240\tx2880 \f20\fs22 contours{\v \:Temperature}}}.\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 If you enter zeros when creating or editing a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Parameter}} or {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Variable}}
 file, the program inserts the default values listed above. The quick way to get started with the program is to enter zeros for everything. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Default values}}}\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 5.5.The Maps\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Three classes of {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 mechanism }}contribute to the total strain: plastic {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 yielding}}, {\v 
{\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 power-law creep}}, and diffusion.  The program uses rate equations for each {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 mechanism}}
, adding the rates when appropriate.  The results are presented as Strain-rate-contour, Stress / {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Temperature }}axes maps, or as temperature-contour, Strain-Rate / Stress {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 axes }}maps.\par 
Examples of the two sorts of map are show in Figure 5.1 and 5.2. The left-hand and bottom {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 axes }}
show the  normalised variables; the right-hand and upper axes show the  absolute values  of the variables. The numbers at either end of the absolute scales correspond to the marker axis nearest to that end
 of the axis.  If (as occasionally happens when scales are expanded) the axis has only one marker on it, the same number appears at both ends.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The box in the top-right corner shows, in order:\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab The  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 material{\v  name}}} data name  (as listed in Table 5.1).\par 
(b)\tab The  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 grain size}}, in microns. \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 At the bottom left, the strain rates corresponding to the first and last  strain rate contours  are listed.  The contours differ by a constant multiplying factor which you can set ({\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Variable}} 15).  Here it is 100.  The  current {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 date}}  is printed at the top right.\par 
The axis can be chosen to cover any sensible range you like: you can, for instance, blow up the bit from  T/Tm = 0.5 to T/Tm = 0.55  {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 homologous temperature}}}{\v  }
to fill the whole diagram by setting the range of the temperature axis to these values (Variables 6 and 7).  As an example, the boxes marked on Figures 5.1a and 5.2a are shown, expanded by changing the appropriate variables, in Figures 5.1b and 5.2b.
\par 
Each map is divided by heavy broken lines into {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 fields}} showing the range of dominance of a given {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 mechanism}}
.  They are identified by abbreviations listed in Table 5.2.\par 

The best way to develop a map is to use a small number of program steps (say 20) to start with, displaying the map on the screen quickly, until you have the axis ranges, contour numbers and spacing, and so on, to your satisfaction.  Save the data sets at e
ach stage{\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 Data set\:Saving}}}.  When you are happy, change the number of program steps to 150 and rerun. Print the map by pressing the print screen key {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 <PRT SCR>}}}.  Examples which illustrate all these points are given in the next section.\par 
\pard \li720\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \tab TABLE 5.2  FIELD NAMES AND DESCRIPTIONS \par 
\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 FIELD\tab DESCRIPTION \par 
\pard \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 PEIERLS\tab Yield, dislocation motion limited by {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 Peierls stress}} drag \par 
PHONON\tab Yield, {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 dislocation }}motion limited by {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 
Phonon{\v  drag}}{\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 Drag}} (relativistic and non-relativistic) \par 
RECRYST\tab Area of the map where dynamic  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 recrystallization}} is expected  \par 
OBSTCLE  Deformation by plastic {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 yielding }}when the dislocation {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs 
\tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 glide }}is limited by {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 obstacles}}  \par 
\pard \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 V-DIFF\tab Deformation by volume (lattice) diffusion  of vacancies \par 
B-DIFF\tab Deformation by grain-boundary diffusion of vacancies \par 
\pard \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 PLC-LT\tab Low-temperature {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 \f20\fs22 power-law creep }}(core diffusion) \par 
\pard \s6\qj\fi-1440\li2880\ri2160\sl240\keep\box\brdrs \tx720\tb2592\tx3024 PLC-HT\tab High-temperature power-law creep  \par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul 6.\tab Tuning the Data {\v and Tutorial Examples}\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 6.1\tab Developing a Data Set\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 6.2\tab Tuning the Parameters\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\v 6.3\tab Tutorial Example 1: Map for Copper\par 
}\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v \par 
}\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\v 6.4\tab Tutorial Example 2:\tab Map for Alumina, An Oxide Ceramic\par 
}\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul \page 7.  THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 7.1  The program won't load   \par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab Disc in wrong disc drive.  \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \tab Change to {\f22\fs17 DRIVE A:} if you are running from the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy{\v  disc}}}, or to {\f22\fs17 C:\\DFMAP} if from the {
\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 hard-disc}}.   \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (b)\tab The system reports a Sector Read error, or complains that the DOS is wrong.  \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \tab You have booted the system with an operating system which is not compatible with that used to make the DFM290 disc. Insert the DFM290 Disc in {\f22\fs17 DRIVE A:}
 and either switch the computer off and then on again, or press {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 <Ctrl><Alt><Del}> }}all at once.  The computer will boot from your hard  disc{\v ;}. Th
e compiled version supplied was compiled using MS-DOS 6.0 but it has been tested (not extensively) with 3.3, 4.01 andd 5.0.  \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (c)\tab The program appears to load, but aborts before the first screen appears.  \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Check}} that you are running the program from a directory which contains the appropriate {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Borland}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Graphics}} Interface file for your {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
graphics}} system.  This is {\f22\fs17 EGAVGA.BGI;} for PS/2 computers.  A full set is supplied on the disc.  If you are a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Turbo Pascal}} programmer, ensure that you are usin
g the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Turbo Pascal}} 6.0 versions with DFM290. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Check}} also that you have sufficient {\v {\xe
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 memory}}, DFM290 requires 248K.  Use the program  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 MEMMAP.COM} }}supplied on the {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy disc }}to check. (Documentation is in the file {\f22\fs17 MEMMAP.DOC}).\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 7.2  The program loads but refuses to read data or aborts when run   \par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The program loads, and reads files, but the data sets they contain is blank or nonsense and the program aborts when you try to plot a map.  It is probable that the file MATLPARS.DAT is {\v {\xe
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data set\:Corrupted}}}corrupted.  Recopy it from the original DFM290 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy disc}}. \par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 7.3  The printer won't print   {\plain \i\v\f20\fs22 {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\plain \i\v\f20\fs22 printer}}}\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (b)\tab Printer not switched on, is not connected properly, or is out of paper. \par 
(b)\tab Printer set OFF LINE.   \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (c)\tab Printer incorrectly set up.  Go through setup procedure for printer given in the documentation of your computer and printer.  Try using the  {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MODE command}}: \par 
\pard\plain \s8\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx4320\tqr\tx8496 \f22\fs17 \tab \tab MODE LPT1:80,6\tab (R).\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 7.4  The printer prints text or rubbish but not {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 graphics}} {\plain \i\v\f20\fs22 {\xe
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 {\plain \i\v\f20\fs22 printer}}}\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 This is the most complex and difficult part of the system.  It is nothing to do with DFM290, screen dumps are always difficult.   \par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab The printer is of the wrong sort and won't handle {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}}.   \par 
(b)\tab You omitted to load {\v .i}{\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM} before running DFM290.  Press {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 <Ctrl><Break>} }}and run DFM290 by typing {\f22\fs17 DFM <enter>.}   \par 
(c)\tab You loaded {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM;}}} from some other hard or {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy disc}}
, and it is for the wrong version of DOS. It is essential that the program {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM}}} which is loaded by {\f22\fs17 DFM.BAT} matches the version of {\v 
{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS}} that you use.  either re-boot (press {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 <Ctrl><Alt><Del}> }}) with the {\v {\xe
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 floppy {\v disc}}}supplied in drive{\f22\fs17  A:}, and use {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM}}}
 supplied, or copy you own copy of {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM;}}}{\f22\fs17  } from your {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS}}
 disc into directory {\f22\fs17 C:\\DFMAP}.   \par 
(d)\tab Users of {\scaps PS/2} and machines with {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 EGA}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}}
 adapters may need to run the program with the /c option to get the lower resolution {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 CGA}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}}
 on screen (type "DFM /c" to run the mapping program) which can be more easily printed.  If you insist an using {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS{\v \:Version}}} 3.3. with a {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 VGA}} display you will have to do this.\par 
(e)\tab If you have an {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Olivetti}} or {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 AT&T }}
computer then you can get higher resolution plots on the screen by using the /o option when you run the program, e.g. {\f22\fs17 DFM /o}.  (This may also work with some {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Compaq}}
 computers.)  If you want to do screen dumps of these plots you will need to read your {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS}} documentation of the {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS}}} command very carefully, and you will certainly need to use the {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM}}}
 program which came with your computer.   \par 
(f)\tab If you have a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Hercules }{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}}
 adapter then the appropriate dump program screen dump program is {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 HGC.COM} }}or {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {
\f22\fs17 MGC.COM}}}, instead of {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM;}}}{\f22\fs17  } and it should have been supplied with your computer. One solution to {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 graphics}} dump problems is to purchase a commercial screen-capture utility which supports a wid range of printers - including HP LaserJets.  We have found {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Graph{\v -Plus} }}to be effective.  It can be ordered from "Grey Matter", 2
 Prigg Meadow, Ashburton, Deven TG13 7DF, or see their regular advertisements in Byte magazine (tel. +44 (364) 53499).  Alternatively, your word processor or desktop publishing program may have a screen-capture utiltiy with which you can dump screens into 
your word processor.  MS Word 5.0 for DOS does this. Remember: run {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS}}}
 before running DFM290 if you want to dump the plot to a dot-matrix  printer.  Do this by running the program {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 GRAPHICS.COM;}}}{\f22\fs17  } supplied with the {
\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS}} operating system which came with your computer.  The batch file {\f22\fs17 DFM.BAT} does this automatically..\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 You can get a hard copy of the screen by pressing the {\f22\fs17 <PRT SCR>} key when the plot has finished and is labelled on the screen.  This key may require the shift key to be pressed to be effective.
\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 7.5  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 Run-time}} errors\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Run-time}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 error}}
s halt the running of the program and abort it.  To recover, you have to exit from the batch file  DFM  when prompted, then retype  DFM  and start again.  (If you want to abort the program deliberately, press the {\f22\fs17 <Ctrl><Break>}
 keys.  It only works when the program is paused, awaiting an instruction.  When it is plotting, however, it checks the keyboard intermittently, so while it will stop, it may take a while to respond.)  A run-time error gives an error message which looks li
ke this:\par 
\pard \li720\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \li720\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Run-time}} {\v {\xe\pard\plain \li720\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 error  }}160 at 0779:6041{\v \par 
{\xe\pard\plain \li720\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Run-time}} error 103 at 0DF1:002E \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The origins of run-time errors are these: \par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 printer }}was not switched on when you tried to print (error 160) or it is out of p
aper (error 159). \par 
(b)\tab You pressed the {\v\f22\fs17 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 <Ctrl><Break>}}} Keys in the middle of the program run  (error 103). \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (c)\tab You read a data set with wildly incorrect numbers in it.  \par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \tab Some {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 parameter}}
s have to be positive (and, when properly chosen, always are) positive; others, non-zero.  Errors of this sort result in the program dividing by zero, or taking the square root of a negative number, and that gives {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Run-time}} errors 200 to 207 (but see 7.6 below).  \par 
\tab Reload DFM290, {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 check}} the data file {\f22\fs17 MATLPARS.DAT}, and look at the DATA CHECK {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v 
data check }}}messages when they appear.  The program contains numerous checks, and inserts {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 default values}}
 which, as far as possible, prevent this happening.  But you are much cleverer than it is, and you may find a way round the protection. \par 
(d)\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Error}}
 150 occurs if you try to save the data sets to a file on a disc which is write-protected. In all cases, the only solution is to abandon the batch file and type DFM  to reload and start again.  In extreme cases, you may ha
ve to turn off your computer, wait 10 seconds, and turn it back on again before you type  DFM  again. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Floppy disc\:Full}} {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Hard-disc\:Full}} {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Data set\:Saving}} {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Disc\:
See Hard-disc, Floppy disc\:}}}\par 
\pard\plain \s253\qj\sb120\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tx1440 \b\caps\f20\fs22 7.6  Subtler problems\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 There is always the possibility that "resident" programs which are loaded and stay in {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 memory}}
 while DFM290 runs may cause problems.  If a persistent {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 error }}occurs, reboot your computer and run DFM290 as the first program you run.  Examine your {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 CONFIG.SYS} }}and {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 AUTOEXEC.BAT} }}files for programs and device drivers.  Use the program {\v {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\f22\fs17 MEMMAP.COM} }}(supplied on the disc) to investigate the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 memory}} use in your computer, documentation for this program is in the file {\f22\fs17 
MEMMAP.DOC}.  These problems can apperar as run-time errors of all kinds. \par 
At this stage, the only additional problems I have encountered arise from faulty discs, which misread.  A particular problem occurs with discs formatted as 360K but written-to using 1.2M (/AT compatible) {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 floppy {\v disc\:Error}}}drives.{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Back-up}}}\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 ALWAYS KEEP AT LEAST ONE BACK-UP COPY OF THE WHOLE DISC\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul \page APPENDIX A:  The Mechanisms and Rate Equations\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 A number of mechanisms contribute to deformation.  They are fully-described in ref.1 by Frost and Ashby (1982).  \par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 Each {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 mechanism }}can be modelled to give a {\ul rate-equation}
 which defines the contribution of that mechanism to the current strain rate.  they are central to the way the program works.  {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v rate equation}} {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 {\v consitutive equation}}}Each has the form:\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 eps-dot\tab =\tab f(S, T, parameters)\tab (1)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where eps-dot is the steady-state strain rate, S is the stress, and T the temperature.  There are 12 rate equations in all.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The program evaluates the rate equations at each temperature step and several iterations are required to locate each strain-rate contour.  the number of temperature {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 steps }}is set by variable 17.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The equations for deformation are taken directly from the book by Frost and Ashby (1982).  The five important mechanisms are:\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab Obstacle controlled {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 glide }}(OBSTCLE)\par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (b)\tab Vacancy diffusion through the volume of the grains (V-DIFF)\par 
(c)\tab Vacancy diffusion along grain boundaries (B-DIFF)\par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (d)\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Power-law creep}}, both low-temperature and high-temperature varieties\par 
(e)\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Harper-Dorn creep}}, another {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 dislocation }}mechanism\par 
(f)\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Phonon {\v drag}}}and {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 electron drag }}controlled glide\par 
(g)\tab {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Peierl's stress }}controlled glide\par 
\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 (h)\tab Dynamic recrystallization.\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The equations are summarized here.  There are a few slight changes and additions to the rate equations as published by Frost and Ashby and these are noted below in con
text.  The rate equations are listed in Table A1, most have the form of equation (1).  The symbols are defined in Table A2.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\caps \tab TABLE A1: Equations for Strain Rate\par 
}\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Obstacle controlled }{\v\ul {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul glide }}}{\ul \par 
}\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\ul \par 
Volume diffusion\par 
\par 
Boundary Diffusion\par 
}\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\v\ul \par 
{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Power-law creep}}}{\ul  high-temperature \par 
}{\v\ul \par 
{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Power-law creep}}}{\ul  low-temperature \par 
}{\v\ul \par 
{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Harper-Dorn creep}}}{\ul \par 
}{\v\ul \par 
{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Phonon }{\v\ul drag}}}{\ul and }{\v\ul {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul electron drag }}}{\ul controlled glide\par 
}{\v\ul \par 
{\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Peierls stress }}}{\ul controlled glide\par 
}\pard \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 {\ul \par 
Dynamic recrystallization\par 
}\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul \page APPENDIX B:  Scaling Relations\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The properties of a material are not independent of each other.  Metals with high {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 melting point}}
s have high moduli, high surface energies and (at a given absolute temperature) low rates of diffusion.  Alloys with high yield strengths generally have high creep strengths.  Detailed studies of these correlations lead to {\v\ul {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul scaling relations}}} which allow estimates to be made of some material properties when others are known.  Scaling rlations are used in the program in two ways:\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (a)\tab To {\ul check} all data entered by the user.  If the data do not lie within the expected limits, a DATA CHECK {\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain 
\s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20 data check}}}message is displayed on the screen, and is printed (with more details) when a {\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 printout }}
is requested.\par 
(b)\tab To {\ul estimate}
 data when real experimental values cannot be found.  When a zero (0) is entered in teh table of material parameters when Creating or Editing a data set, the program automatically calls on these relations to estimate a value for the unknown datum.{\plain 
\v\f20 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20 default values}}}{\v  }{\plain \v\f20 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20 estimate}}}{\v  }{\plain \v\f20 {\xe
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20 data set\:Creating}}}{\v  }{\plain \v\f20 {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f20 data set\:Editing}}}{\v   }The val
ue is, of course, only an estimate, but it is of the right order of magnitude and it allows the user to get started.  Then he or she can adjust the estimated parameters to give a good fit to experimental deformation data, as described in section 6.  (If ze
ros are entered when creating or editing the map Variables the program again estimates sensible values; indeed the best way to start is to enter zeros for all the Variables.){\v {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v 
Variable}} {\xe\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Parameter}}\par 
}\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 This appendix lists the scaling relations used in the p
rogram.  The interested reader will find details of their origin, and more sophisticated methods, described in Frost and Ashby (1982, Chapter 18) and in Brown and Ashby (1980a, b).\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The same scaling relations are used for all materials, but the {\ul scaling parameters} are different for different {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 isomechanical class}}es of materials.{\v {\xe
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v Parameter\:Scaling}}\par 
}1. The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul melting point} }}T{\dn12 m}, {\ul Young's }{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul modulus} }}E and {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
{\ul atomic volume} }}{\scaps Omega} of metals and ceramics are related by:\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 E\tab =\tab 100 k T{\dn12 m} / {\scaps Omega}\tab (B1)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38 x 10{\up12 -23} J/K).  The error seldom exceeds 35%.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 2. The {\ul temperature dependence of the }{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul modulus}{\v \:Temperature-dependence}}}
 of metals and ceramics, when normalised in the way shown in the next equation, almost always lies in the range -0.1 to -0.95.  CHecking is based on this range; estimation uses:\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 (T{\dn12 m/u0}).(du/dT)\tab =\tab  - C{\dn12 0}\tab \tab (B2)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (the minus sign is omitted in entering the data - the program inserts it automatically).  Different isomechanical classes have different values for C{\dn12 0}, e.g.\par 
\pard\plain \s5\qj\fi-720\li1440\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 0.5\tab for body-centred cubic transition metals\par 
0.1\tab for tetrahedrally-bonded semiconductors\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 3. The {\ul yield strengths} of materials in comparable states of purity scale as the modulus, that is{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v yielding}}}\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 S{\dn12 y\tab =\tab }C{\dn12 1 }E\tab \tab \tab \tab (B3)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 For commercially pure metals (those with an impurity level of perhaps 0.1 atom %), C{\dn12 1} is about 1/1000.  For heavily alloyed metals it can rise to 1/100; and for ceramics it can be as high as 1/50.
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v alloying}} {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v purity}}}\par 
4. The {\v\ul {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul activation energy }}}{\ul for }{\v\ul {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul volume diffusion}}}, Q{\dn12 v}, is related to the melting temperature by\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 Q{\dn12 v}/RT{\dn12 m\tab =\tab }C{\dn12 2\tab \tab \tab \tab }(B4)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where R is the gas constant and C{\dn12 2}
 is about 18 for metals and 25 for ceramics.  The value is quite well defined for quite subtle distinctions between isomechanical classes, and these are used in the program.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 5. The {\ul pre-exponential}, D{\dn12 0v}, is found from the observation that the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 melting point {\v \:Diffusivity}}}
diffusivity, for a given class of solid, is given approximately by:\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 D{\dn12 v}(T{\dn12 m}) / Omega{\up12 2/3\tab =\tab }C{\dn12 3}\tab \tab \tab (B5)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where C{\dn12 3} is about 10{\up12 7} s{\up12 -1}.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 6. {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Boundary diffusion} }}parameters are estimated by a similar procedure.  For the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 
activation energy}} \par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 Q{\dn12 b}/RT{\dn12 m}\tab =\tab C{\dn12 4\tab \tab \tab }\tab (B6)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where C{\dn12 4} is about 11 for metals about 15 for simple ceramics.  This usually corresponds to the approximation\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 Q{\dn12 b}\tab =\tab 0.6 Q{\dn12 v\tab \tab }\tab \tab (B7)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The pre-exponential is estimated from\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 dD{\dn12 0b\tab =\tab }2 Omega{\up12 1/3} D{\dn12 0v\tab }\tab (B8){\dn12 \par 
}\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 6. {\v\ul {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\ul Power-law creep}}} is described in the following way.  We start with the conventional description\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 eps-dot\tab =\tab A.S{\up12 n}.exp -(Q{\dn12 plc}/RT)\tab (B9)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 where n and A are creep constants.  Define S{\dn12 ref} as the stress which will cause a uniaxial strain rate of 10{\up12 -6} s{\up12 -1}
 at a temperature of exactly one half the absolute melting point (T=T{\dn12 m}/2):\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 10{\up12 6}\tab =\tab A.S{\dn12 ref}{\up12 n}.exp -(2Q{\dn12 plc}/RT{\dn12 m})\tab (B9)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Dividing the first by the second gives\par 
\pard \li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx2880 {\b eps-dot\tab =\tab 10}{\b\up12 -6}{\b .(S}{\b\up12 /S}{\b\dn12 ref)}{\b\up12 n}{\b .exp -\{(Q}{\b\dn12 plc}{\b /RT}{\b\dn12 m}{\b ). (T/T}{\b\dn12 m }{\b - 2)\}\tab (B9)\par 
}\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 This is the form of the creep equation used by the program for high-temperature {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 power-law creep}}
.  Its great advantage is that it minimizes extrapolation errors (because creep testing, typically, is carried out at temperatures around or higher than T{\dn12 m}/2 and involves strain rates of 10{\up12 -6} s{\up12 -1}
), and it makes checking simpler (because S{\dn12 ref} is usually of the order of S{\dn12 y}/2).\par 
The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 creep exponent}}, if unknown, is best estimated by\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 n\tab =\tab 3\tab \tab \tab \tab (B10)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 (but see Brown and Ashby (1980a, b) and Derby and Ashby (1987) for more information on this point.)  The activation energy for creep is for many materials the same as that for volume diffusion\par 
\pard\plain \s1\li720\sa240\sl240\tx2448\tx4320 \b\f20\fs22 Q{\dn12 plc\tab =\tab }Q{\dn12 v\tab \tab \tab \tab }(B11)\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 The {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 reference {\v \:Stress}}}stress S{\dn12 ref}, defined as above, is conveniently read from a deformation mechanism map.  (Remember to convert 
{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 shear stress }}to {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 uniaxial stress }}
if necessary by multiplying by 1.732).  When asked for a reference stress, if you reply with a zero (0), a secondary menu will appear in which you can enter a uniaxial stress, a uniaxial strain-rate and a temperature.  This will calculate the reference str
ess for you.  If you reply with zeros to all three of these, then the estimate of S{\dn12 y}/2 will be used, taking S{\dn12 y }from the obstacle-controlled flow stress.{\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v yielding}}  \par 
}You should be aware that for certain creep-resistant alloys, particularly the {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 superalloys}}, S{\dn12 ref }can be {\ul greater} than S{\dn12 y}
.  This is not as silly as it sounds: it is caused by the fact that creep is neglible at T{\dn12 m}/2 in these alloys.\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul APPENDIX C:  Data, Data Sets and SOurces\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Developing an accurate {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 parameter }{\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 data set {\v \:Sources}}}{\plain \v\f22 {\xe\pard\plain 
\qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \f22 reference\:Text}}}
(that is, a set of the material parameters listing in section 5.2) for a material is an iterative process.  The starting point is data for the properties of the bulk solid.  For some materials (like pure {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
\f20\fs22 copper}}) these are well-established, the problem is simply that of finding them.  For others (like {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 Y-Ba-CuO}}
) the proerties have to be estimated by the methods outlined in Appendix B.  But the data have to be "tuned" in the way described in Section 6 of the text, and illustrated in the case studies.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 The data provided with the program gives starting point values for 22 materials.  The data given here provides {\ul only a first estimate}
 for a given material.  No confidence should be placed in this data without first checking original sources yourself.  It is supplied to show you what to expect, and tuning should involve only relatively small changes in the parameters.\par 
\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 
This section gives the parameter data sets in the order given in Table C1, and gives sources.  Often, once source lists most of the properties - then the single source is quoted.  Where data have been assembled from several sources, details are given.
\par 
\pard\plain \s254\sb240\sa120\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22\ul References\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v {\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\v data set \:Sources}}{\xe\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 {\plain \v\f22 ref}{\v erence\:Text}}}\par 
\pard\plain \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 \f20\fs22 \tab American Institute of Physics Handbook (1972) 3rd edition, Am. Inst. of Phys. and McGraw-Hill.\par 
\pard \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 [Ash75]\tab Ashby, M.F. (1975) Acta Metall. {\b 11} 591.\par 
\pard \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 \tab ASM Metals Handbook (1975), Vol.8 8th edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Columbus, Ohio, USA.\par 
\pard \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 [Bro80a]\tab Brown, A.M. and Ashby, M.F. (1980) Acta Metall. {\b 28} 1085.\par 
[Bro80b]\tab Brown, A.M. and Ashby, M.F. (1980) Scripta Metall. {\b 14} 1297\par 
\tab Diffusion Data (1968 to present); a journal taken by most science libraries.\par 
\pard \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 [Fro82]\tab Frost, H.J. and Ashby, M.F. (1982) "Deformation Mechanism Maps", Pergamon Press, Oxford.\par 
\tab Landholt-Bornstein Tables III-1 (1966) and III-2 (1969), SPringer-Verlag, Berlin.\par 
[Mal80]\tab Malakondaiah, G.A. (1980) Ph.D. thesis, Banares Hindu University, Varanesi, India.\par 
\pard \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 \tab Metals handbook (1961) Vol.1, ASM, Columbus, Ohio, USA.\par 
\pard \s11\fi-1152\li1152\sa72\sl240\tx1152\tx2160 [Sim71]\tab Simmons, G. and Wang, H. (1971) "Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate properties", 2nd edition, MIT Press.\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \sect \sectd \linemod0\linex14\headery0\footery240\cols1\endnhere {\footerl \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain \i\f20 \tab 
Operating Manual for DFM290\par 
}}{\footerr \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 Operating Manual for DFM290\tab page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain \i\f20 \par 
}}\pard\plain \s255\qc\sa720\sl240\keep\keepn\tx720\tqr\tx9043 \b\caps\f20\fs22 Index\par 
\pard\plain \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \f20\fs22 \sect \sectd \sbknone\linemod0\linex14\headery0\footery240\cols2\endnhere {\footerl \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain \i\f20 \tab 
Operating Manual for DFM290\par 
}}{\footerr \pard\plain \qj\sa240\sl240\tx144\tqr\tx9216 \f20\fs22 {\plain \i\f20 Operating Manual for DFM290\tab page }{\plain \i\f20 \chpgn }{\plain \i\f20 \par 
}}\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 <Alt><W> 10\par 
<Ctrl><Alt><Del> 17\par 
<Ctrl><Break> 17, 18\par 
<PRT SCR> 16\par 
Activation energy 2, 7, 10, 14, 21, 22\par 
alloying 21\par 
AT&T 18\par 
Atomic volume 2, 7, 8, 10, 21\par 
AUTOEXEC.BAT 19\par 
axes 15\par 
Back-up 19\par 
Batch files 5\par 
Borland 17\par 
Boundary diffusion 7, 22\par 
Burger's vector 14\par 
^C 6, 12\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See <Ctrl><Break> 12\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 CGA 4, 5, 18\par 
check 9, 11, 14, 17, 18\par 
Class\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Isomechanical Class 7\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 colour 4, 11\par 
Command line 6, 12\par 
comments 10\par 
Compaq 4, 18\par 
CONFIG.SYS 19\par 
consitutive equation 20\par 
contours\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Multiplying factor 15\par 
Number of 15\par 
Strain rate 15\par 
Temperature 15\par 
Temperature Difference 15\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 COPPER 13, 23\par 
COPPER            7\par 
Core diffusion 7, 10, 14\par 
Creep 7, 10\par 
Creep exponent 2, 14, 22\par 
data check 9, 10, 11, 18, 21\par 
Data set 9, 12, 13\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Corrupted 17\par 
Creating 6, 8, 12, 21\par 
Deleting 11\par 
Duplicating 6, 11, 12\par 
Editing 7, 8, 11, 21\par 
Pre-existing 7\par 
Reading 4, 6, 9, 12\par 
Same 11\par 
Saving 16, 19\par 
Sources 23\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 date 15\par 
default values 5, 15, 18, 21\par 
Diffusion\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Cut-off stress 8, 10\par 
See Volume, Boundary, Core 13\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Disc\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Hard-disc, Floppy disc 19\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 dislocation 16, 20\par 
Dislocation core diffusion\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See core diffusion 2\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Drag 8, 10, 16\par 
EGA 4, 18\par 
Electron drag 8, 10, 20\par 
End 12\par 
Epson 9\par 
error 18, 19\par 
error  18\par 
estimate 21\par 
exit 12\par 
exponent 14\par 
fields 15\par 
Finish 8, 10, 12\par 
floppy disc 4, 5, 17\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Error 19\par 
Full 19\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Fortran 13\par 
glide 16, 20\par 
Grain boundary diffusion\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Boundary diffusion 2\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Grain size 2, 15\par 
Graph-Plus 18\par 
graphics 3, 4, 5, 17, 18\par 
GRAPHICS.COM 5, 17, 18\par 
hard-disc 3, 4, 5, 17\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Full 19\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Hardware\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Printer, Graphics 4\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Harper-Dorn creep 20\par 
help screen 6, 12\par 
Hercules 4, 18\par 
Hewlett-Packard 4\par 
HGC.COM 18\par 
homologous temperature 15\par 
IBM 4\par 
isomechanical 9\par 
Isomechanical Class 7, 10, 13, 21\par 
laserjet 4, 9\par 
Lattice diffusion\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Volume diffusion 2\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 listing 9\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 To a file 5\par 
To a printer 5\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 map Variable\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Variable 14\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 material name 15\par 
material Parameter\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Parameter 13\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 mechanism 15, 20\par 
Melting point 2, 7, 10, 13, 21\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Diffusivity 22\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 MEMMAP.COM 17, 19\par 
memory 5, 17, 19\par 
MGC.COM 18\par 
MODE command 17\par 
Modulus 7, 10, 14, 21\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Temperature-dependence 21\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 MS-DOS 5, 17, 18\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Version 4, 18\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 NICKEL 7, 13\par 
obstacles 16\par 
Olivetti 5, 18\par 
options\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Command line 5\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Parameter 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 23\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Scaling 21\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Pascal\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Turbo Pascal 4\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Peierl's stress 20\par 
Peierls stress 2, 16, 20\par 
Phase change 10\par 
Phonon drag 8, 10, 16, 20\par 
POTASSIUM 7\par 
Power-Law Breakdown 10\par 
power-law creep 2, 15, 16, 20, 22\par 
printer 4, 5, 10, 11, 17, 18\par 
printout 21\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 See Listing 8\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Program 5\par 
purity 21\par 
quit 6, 11, 12\par 
RAM 4\par 
rate equation 20\par 
recrystallization 16\par 
Reference\par 
\pard\plain \s239\qj\li288\ri72\sl240\tx288\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 Stress 2, 7, 10, 14, 23\par 
Text 10, 23\par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 ROCKSALT 13\par 
ROCKSALT                  7\par 
Run-time 18\par 
scaling relations 21\par 
shear stress 15, 23\par 
SILICON 7, 13\par 
software 4\par 
steps 14, 20\par 
strain rate 15\par 
superalloys 23\par 
Temperature 2, 10, 15\par 
Turbo Pascal 4, 17\par 
uniaxial stress 23\par 
variable 8, 12, 14, 15, 21\par 
VGA 4, 18\par 
Volume diffusion 7, 10, 21\par 
Y-Ba-CuO 7, 13, 23\par 
yielding 15, 16, 21, 23\par 
\pard\plain \qj\li720\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440\tqr\tldot\tx8640 \f20\fs22 {\v .End Index.\par 
}\pard \qj\sa120\sl240\tx720\tx1440 \par 
\pard\plain \s240\fi-576\li576\sl240\tqr\tx3744 \f20\fs22 \par 
}