NLP101.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Gentle Start to Natural Language Processing using Python\n",
    "\n",
    "https://towardsdatascience.com/gentle-start-to-natural-language-processing-using-python-6e46c07addf3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "showing info https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nltk/nltk_data/gh-pages/index.xml\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import nltk\n",
    "nltk.download()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
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rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.3d.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector\"/>\\n<script async=\"\" src=\"/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector\"></script>\\n<meta name=\"ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles\" content=\"\"/>\\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector\"/>\\n<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"MediaWiki 1.34.0-wmf.25\"/>\\n<meta name=\"referrer\" content=\"origin\"/>\\n<meta name=\"referrer\" content=\"origin-when-crossorigin\"/>\\n<meta name=\"referrer\" content=\"origin-when-cross-origin\"/>\\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/1200px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg\"/>\\n<link rel=\"alternate\" href=\"android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\"/>\\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"application/x-wiki\" title=\"Edit this page\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\"/>\\n<link rel=\"edit\" title=\"Edit this page\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\"/>\\n<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" href=\"/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png\"/>\\n<link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico\"/>\\n<link rel=\"search\" type=\"application/opensearchdescription+xml\" href=\"/w/opensearch_desc.php\" title=\"Wikipedia (en)\"/>\\n<link rel=\"EditURI\" type=\"application/rsd+xml\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd\"/>\\n<link rel=\"license\" href=\"//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\"/>\\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\"/>\\n<link rel=\"dns-prefetch\" href=\"//login.wikimedia.org\"/>\\n<link rel=\"dns-prefetch\" href=\"//meta.wikimedia.org\" />\\n<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src=\"/w/resources/lib/html5shiv/html5shiv.js\"></script><![endif]-->\\n</head>\\n<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-SpaceX rootpage-SpaceX skin-vector action-view\">\\n<div id=\"mw-page-base\" class=\"noprint\"></div>\\n<div id=\"mw-head-base\" class=\"noprint\"></div>\\n<div id=\"content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\">\\n\\t<a id=\"top\"></a>\\n\\t<div id=\"siteNotice\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>\\n\\t<div class=\"mw-indicators mw-body-content\">\\n</div>\\n\\n\\t<h1 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">SpaceX</h1>\\n\\t\\n\\t<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\\n\\t\\t<div id=\"siteSub\" class=\"noprint\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>\\n\\t\\t<div id=\"contentSub\"></div>\\n\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t<div id=\"jump-to-nav\"></div>\\n\\t\\t<a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"#mw-head\">Jump to navigation</a>\\n\\t\\t<a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"#p-search\">Jump to search</a>\\n\\t\\t<div id=\"mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">This article is about the rocket manufacturer. For the British art gallery, see <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_(art_gallery)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX (art gallery)\">SpaceX (art gallery)</a>.</div>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">\"Space exploration technologies\" redirects here. For an article outlining space technology, see <a href=\"/wiki/Outline_of_space_technology\" title=\"Outline of space technology\">outline of space technology</a>.</div>\\n<div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">American aerospace company</div>\\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\\n\\n</p>\\n<table class=\"infobox vcard\" style=\"width:22em\"><caption class=\"fn org\">Space Exploration Technologies Corp.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"logo\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Logo_Black.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"SpaceX Logo Black.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SpaceX_Logo_Black.png/300px-SpaceX_Logo_Black.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"41\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SpaceX_Logo_Black.png/450px-SpaceX_Logo_Black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SpaceX_Logo_Black.png/600px-SpaceX_Logo_Black.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"3055\" data-file-height=\"414\" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"logo\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Iridium-4_Mission_(25557986177).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Iridium-4 Mission (25557986177).jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/300px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/450px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg/600px-Iridium-4_Mission_%2825557986177%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"5760\" data-file-height=\"3840\" /></a><div>SpaceX Headquarters during Iridium-4 launch operations, December 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\"><div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country\" title=\"List of legal entity types by country\">Type</a></div></th><td class=\"category\" style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Private_company\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Private company\">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Industry</th><td class=\"category\" style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Aerospace_engineering\" title=\"Aerospace engineering\">Aerospace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Founded</th><td style=\"line-height:1.35em;\">May&#160;6, 2002<span class=\"noprint\">&#59;&#32;17 years ago</span><span style=\"display:none\">&#160;(<span class=\"bday dtstart published updated\">2002-05-06</span>)</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Headquarters</th><td class=\"adr\" style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><div style=\"display:inline\" class=\"locality\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hawthorne,_California\" title=\"Hawthorne, California\">Hawthorne, California</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">U.S.</a><br /><span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=SpaceX&amp;params=33.9207_N_118.3278_W_region:US_type:landmark\"><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">33\\xc2\\xb055\\xe2\\x80\\xb215\\xe2\\x80\\xb3N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">118\\xc2\\xb019\\xe2\\x80\\xb240\\xe2\\x80\\xb3W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">33.9207\\xc2\\xb0N 118.3278\\xc2\\xb0W</span><span style=\"display:none\">&#xfeff; / <span class=\"geo\">33.9207; -118.3278</span></span></span></a></span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span id=\"coordinates\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system\" title=\"Geographic coordinate system\">Coordinates</a>: <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=SpaceX&amp;params=33.9207_N_118.3278_W_region:US_type:landmark\"><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">33\\xc2\\xb055\\xe2\\x80\\xb215\\xe2\\x80\\xb3N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">118\\xc2\\xb019\\xe2\\x80\\xb240\\xe2\\x80\\xb3W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">33.9207\\xc2\\xb0N 118.3278\\xc2\\xb0W</span><span style=\"display:none\">&#xfeff; / <span class=\"geo\">33.9207; -118.3278</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\"><div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Key people</div></th><td class=\"agent\" style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><div class=\"plainlist\"><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a><br /><small>(Founder, <a href=\"/wiki/Chief_executive_officer\" title=\"Chief executive officer\">CEO</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Chief_technology_officer\" title=\"Chief technology officer\">CTO</a>)</small></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell\" title=\"Gwynne Shotwell\">Gwynne Shotwell</a><br /><small>(<a href=\"/wiki/President_(corporate_title)\" title=\"President (corporate title)\">President</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Chief_operating_officer\" title=\"Chief operating officer\">COO</a>)</small></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Products</th><td style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><div class=\"plainlist\"><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon (rocket family)\">Falcon launch vehicles</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon capsules</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Merlin (rocket engine family)\">Merlin</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Raptor (rocket engine family)\">Raptor</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Kestrel_(rocket_engine)\" title=\"Kestrel (rocket engine)\">Kestrel</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket_engine\" title=\"Rocket engine\">rocket engines</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship\" title=\"Autonomous spaceport drone ship\">ASDS landing platforms</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Services</th><td class=\"category\" style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight\" title=\"Orbital spaceflight\">Orbital</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket_launch\" title=\"Rocket launch\">rocket launch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Owner</th><td style=\"line-height:1.35em;\">Elon Musk Trust<br />(54% equity; 78% voting control)<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\"><div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Number of employees</div></th><td style=\"line-height:1.35em;\">Est. 7,000<sup id=\"cite_ref-foust20171116_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-foust20171116-3\">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><br /><small>(November 2017)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.5em;\">Website</th><td style=\"line-height:1.35em;\"><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacex.com\">www<wbr />.spacex<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;\"><b>Footnotes&#160;/&#32;references</b><br /><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>\\n<p><b>Space Exploration Technologies Corp.</b>, <a href=\"/wiki/Doing_business_as\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doing business as\">doing business as</a> <b>SpaceX</b>, is a <a href=\"/wiki/Private_company\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Private company\">private</a> American <a href=\"/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer\" title=\"Aerospace manufacturer\">aerospace manufacturer</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Space_transportation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Space transportation\">space transportation</a> services company headquartered in <a href=\"/wiki/Hawthorne,_California\" title=\"Hawthorne, California\">Hawthorne, California</a>. It was founded in 2002 by <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the <a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars\" title=\"Colonization of Mars\">colonization of Mars</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160927_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20160927-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX has developed the <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon (rocket family)\">Falcon</a> launch vehicle family and the <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon</a> spacecraft family.\\n</p><p>SpaceX\\'s achievements include the first privately funded <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket\" title=\"Liquid-propellant rocket\">liquid-propellant rocket</a> to reach orbit (<a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1\" title=\"Falcon 1\">Falcon 1</a> in 2008),<sup id=\"cite_ref-sfn20080928_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sfn20080928-11\">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> the first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft (<a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon</a> in 2010), the first private company to send a spacecraft to the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a> (Dragon in 2012),<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20120525_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYT-20120525-12\">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> the first <a href=\"/wiki/VTVL\" title=\"VTVL\">propulsive landing</a> for an orbital rocket (<a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> in 2015), the first reuse of an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in 2017), and the first private company to launch an object into <a href=\"/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit\" title=\"Heliocentric orbit\">orbit around the sun</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a>\\'s payload of a <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster\" title=\"Elon Musk&#39;s Tesla Roadster\">Tesla Roadster</a> in 2018). SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station (ISS) under a partnership with <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nsf20150515_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nsf20150515-13\">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> NASA also awarded SpaceX <a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development\" title=\"Commercial Crew Development\">a further development contract</a> in 2011 to develop and demonstrate a <a href=\"/wiki/Human-rating_certification\" title=\"Human-rating certification\">human-rated</a> Dragon, which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of its <a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_2\" title=\"Dragon 2\">Crew Dragon</a> spacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight on March 2, 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Crew Dragon later in 2019.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> On 11 March at 8:45&#160;a.m. EST, the SpaceX Crew Dragon completed its first uncrewed flight that splash-landed in the Atlantic. The flight named <a href=\"/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1\" title=\"Crew Dragon Demo-1\">Crew Dragon Demo-1</a> has demonstrated the Crew Dragon\\'s ability to safely transport crew to ISS and back.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program\" title=\"SpaceX reusable launch system development program\">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</a>: in December 2015, a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> successfully accomplished a propulsive <a href=\"/wiki/VTVL\" title=\"VTVL\">vertical landing</a>. This was the first such achievement by a rocket for <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight\" title=\"Orbital spaceflight\">orbital spaceflight</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guardian20151222_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guardian20151222-17\">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> In April 2016, with the launch of <a href=\"/wiki/CRS-8\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CRS-8\">CRS-8</a>, SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an ocean <a href=\"/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship\" title=\"Autonomous spaceport drone ship\">drone ship</a> landing platform.<sup id=\"cite_ref-guardian20160408_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-guardian20160408-18\">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> In May 2016, in another first, SpaceX again landed the first stage, but during a significantly more energetic <a href=\"/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit\" title=\"Geostationary transfer orbit\">geostationary transfer orbit</a> mission.<sup id=\"cite_ref-verge_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-verge-19\">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> In March 2017, SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc2017reusecore_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc2017reusecore-20\">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In September 2016, CEO <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> unveiled the <a href=\"/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_System\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Interplanetary Transport System\">Interplanetary Transport System</a>, a privately funded initiative to develop spaceflight technology for use in crewed <a href=\"/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight\" title=\"Interplanetary spaceflight\">interplanetary spaceflight</a>. In 2017, Musk unveiled an updated configuration of the system, now named <a href=\"/wiki/BFR_(Rocket)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"BFR (Rocket)\">Starship and Super Heavy</a>, which is planned to be fully reusable and will be the largest rocket ever on its debut, currently scheduled for the early 2020s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\"><input type=\"checkbox\" role=\"button\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display:none\" /><div class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><h2>Contents</h2><span class=\"toctogglespan\"><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"></label></span></div>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#History\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">History</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Goals\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Goals</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Achievements\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Achievements</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Setbacks\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Setbacks</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Ownership,_funding_and_valuation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ownership, funding and valuation</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Hardware\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Hardware</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Launch_vehicles\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Launch vehicles</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Rocket_engines\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Rocket engines</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Spacecraft\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Spacecraft</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Research_and_development\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Research and development</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Reusable_launch_system\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Reusable launch system</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Interplanetary_Transport_System_/_BFR_/_Starship\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Interplanetary Transport System / BFR / Starship</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Other_projects\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Other projects</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Infrastructure\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Infrastructure</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Headquarters,_manufacturing_and_refurbishment_facilities\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Headquarters, manufacturing and refurbishment facilities</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Development_and_test_facilities\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Development and test facilities</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#Launch_facilities\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Launch facilities</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#Cape_Canaveral\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cape Canaveral</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"#Vandenberg\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Vandenberg</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"#Kennedy_Space_Center\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Kennedy Space Center</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"#Brownsville\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Brownsville</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"#Satellite_prototyping_facility\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Satellite prototyping facility</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"#Launch_contracts\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Launch contracts</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"#NASA_contracts\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">NASA contracts</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-25\"><a href=\"#COTS\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">COTS</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><a href=\"#Commercial_cargo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Commercial cargo</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-27\"><a href=\"#Commercial_crew\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Commercial crew</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-28\"><a href=\"#US_Defense_contracts\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">US Defense contracts</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-29\"><a href=\"#International_contracts\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">International contracts</span></a>\\n<ul>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-30\"><a href=\"#Kazakhstan\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Kazakhstan</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n</ul>\\n</li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-31\"><a href=\"#Launch_market_competition_and_pricing_pressure\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Launch market competition and pricing pressure</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-32\"><a href=\"#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">See also</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-33\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a></li>\\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-34\"><a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a></li>\\n</ul>\\n</div>\\n\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History\">History</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" title=\"Edit section: History\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_SpaceX\" title=\"History of SpaceX\">History of SpaceX</a></div>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_(16491695667).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_%2816491695667%29.jpg/220px-Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_%2816491695667%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_%2816491695667%29.jpg/330px-Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_%2816491695667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_%2816491695667%29.jpg/440px-Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_%2816491695667%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dragon_capsule_and_SpaceX_employees_(16491695667).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>SpaceX employees with the Dragon capsule at SpaceX HQ in Hawthorne, California, February 2015</div></div></div>\\n<p>In 2001, <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> conceptualized <i>Mars Oasis</i>, a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse and grow <a href=\"/wiki/Plant\" title=\"Plant\">plants</a> on Mars. \"This would be the furthest that life\\xe2\\x80\\x99s ever traveled\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> in an attempt to regain public interest in space exploration and increase the <a href=\"/wiki/Budget_of_NASA\" title=\"Budget of NASA\">budget of NASA</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-spectrum_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spectrum-25\">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-youtube.com_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-youtube.com-26\">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> Musk tried to buy cheap rockets from Russia but returned empty-handed after failing to find rockets for an affordable price.<sup id=\"cite_ref-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-27\">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-28\">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup>\\nOn the flight home, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-28\">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> According to early <a href=\"/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.\" title=\"Tesla, Inc.\">Tesla</a> and SpaceX investor <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson\" title=\"Steve Jurvetson\">Steve Jurvetson</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only three percent of the sales price of a rocket at the time. By applying <a href=\"/wiki/Vertical_integration\" title=\"Vertical integration\">vertical integration</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-27\">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> producing around 85% of launch hardware in-house,<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> and the modular approach from software engineering, SpaceX could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a 70% <a href=\"/wiki/Gross_margin\" title=\"Gross margin\">gross margin</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_(16601442698).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"330\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_%2816601442698%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2000\" data-file-height=\"3000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_(16601442698).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1</div></div></div>\\n<p>In early 2002, Musk was seeking staff for his new space company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached rocket engineer <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Mueller\" title=\"Tom Mueller\">Tom Mueller</a> (later SpaceX\\'s CTO of Propulsion) and Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in <a href=\"/wiki/El_Segundo,_California\" title=\"El Segundo, California\">El Segundo, California</a>. The company grew rapidly, from 160 employees in November 2005 to 1,100 in 2010,<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-MU_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MU-35\">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> 3,800 employees and contractors by October 2013,<sup id=\"cite_ref-pa20131016_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pa20131016-36\">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> nearly 5,000 by late 2015,<sup id=\"cite_ref-st20151107_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-st20151107-37\">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-shotwell20160203_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shotwell20160203-38\">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> and about 6,000 in April 2017.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sir20170414_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sir20170414-39\">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> \\nAs of November&#160;2017<sup class=\"plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the company had grown to nearly 7,000.<sup id=\"cite_ref-foust20171116_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-foust20171116-3\">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup>\\nIn 2016, Musk gave a speech at the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress\" title=\"International Astronautical Congress\">International Astronautical Congress</a>, where he explained that the US government regulates rocket technology as an \"advanced weapon technology\", making it difficult to hire non-Americans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_(23273082823)_cropped.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_%2823273082823%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_%2823273082823%29_cropped.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"293\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_%2823273082823%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_%2823273082823%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_%2823273082823%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_%2823273082823%29_cropped.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1104\" data-file-height=\"1472\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Falcon_9_Flight_20_OG2_first_stage_post-landing_(23273082823)_cropped.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Falcon 9 rocket\\'s first stage on the landing pad after the second successful vertical landing of an orbital rocket stage, OG2 Mission.</div></div></div>\\n<p>As of March 2018, SpaceX had over 100 launches on its manifest representing about $12 billion in contract revenue.<sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> The contracts included both commercial and <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Federal government of the United States\">government</a> (NASA/DOD) customers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-about_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-about-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> In late 2013, space industry media quoted Musk\\'s comments on SpaceX \"<a href=\"/wiki/Competition_(economics)\" title=\"Competition (economics)\">forcing\\xe2\\x80\\xa6increased competitiveness in the launch industry</a>,\" its major competitors in the commercial <a href=\"/wiki/Communications_satellite\" title=\"Communications satellite\">comsat</a> launch market being <a href=\"/wiki/Arianespace\" title=\"Arianespace\">Arianespace</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance\" title=\"United Launch Alliance\">United Launch Alliance</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/International_Launch_Services\" title=\"International Launch Services\">International Launch Services</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sfn-20131124_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sfn-20131124-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> At the same time, Musk also said that the increased competition would \"be a good thing for the future of space.\" Currently, SpaceX is the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-44\">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:CRS-8_(26239020092).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg/220px-CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg/330px-CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg/440px-CRS-8_%2826239020092%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:CRS-8_(26239020092).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Falcon 9 first stage on an ASDS barge after the first successful landing at sea, CRS-8 Mission.</div></div></div>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Goals\">Goals</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Goals\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<p>Musk has stated that one of his goals is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to <a href=\"/wiki/Outer_space\" title=\"Outer space\">space</a>, ultimately by a factor of ten.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> CEO <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> said: \"I believe $500 per pound ($1,100/kg) or less is very achievable.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg/220px-Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"350\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg/330px-Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg/440px-Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1077\" data-file-height=\"1715\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Falcon_Heavy_cropped.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Falcon Heavy Rocket on Launch Pad 39-A in <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Canaveral,_Florida\" title=\"Cape Canaveral, Florida\">Cape Canaveral, Florida</a></div></div></div>\\n<p>A major goal of SpaceX has been to develop a <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program\" title=\"SpaceX reusable launch system development program\">rapidly reusable launch system</a>. As of March&#160;2013<sup class=\"plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the publicly announced aspects of this technology development effort include an active test campaign of the low-altitude, low-speed <a href=\"/wiki/Grasshopper_(rocket)\" title=\"Grasshopper (rocket)\">Grasshopper</a> <a href=\"/wiki/VTVL\" title=\"VTVL\">vertical takeoff, vertical landing</a> (VTVL) technology demonstrator rocket,<sup id=\"cite_ref-satspot20110926_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-satspot20110926-47\">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sfn20120709_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sfn20120709-48\">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-msnbc20110927_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-msnbc20110927-49\">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> and a high-altitude, high-speed <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> post-mission booster return test campaign. In 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first orbital rocket stage on December 21.\\n</p><p>In 2017, SpaceX formed a <a href=\"/wiki/Subsidiary\" title=\"Subsidiary\">subsidiary</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/The_Boring_Company\" title=\"The Boring Company\">The Boring Company</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-hawthore20180911_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hawthore20180911-50\">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> and began work to construct a short underground test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, utilizing a small number of SpaceX employees,<sup id=\"cite_ref-lat20171121_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lat20171121-51\">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> which was completed in May 2018,<sup id=\"cite_ref-bi20180511_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bi20180511-52\">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> and opened to the public in December 2018.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wsj20181217_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wsj20181217-54\">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup>\\nDuring 2018, The Boring Company was <a href=\"/wiki/Spin-out\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spin-out\">spun out</a> into a separate <a href=\"/wiki/Corporate_entity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Corporate entity\">corporate entity</a> with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wsj20181217_54-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wsj20181217-54\">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>At the 2017 International Astronautical Congress in <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide,_Australia\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Adelaide, Australia\">Adelaide, Australia</a>, Musk announced his plans to build large spaceships to reach Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> Using the BFR, Musk plans to land at least two uncrewed cargo ships to Mars in 2022. The first missions will be used to seek out sources of water and build a propellant plant. In 2024, Musk plans to fly four additional ships to Mars including the first people. From there, additional missions would work to establish a Mars colony.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> Musk\\'s advocacy for the long-term settlement of Mars, goes far beyond what SpaceX projects to build;<sup id=\"cite_ref-dn20121213_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dn20121213-57\">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-pa20140205_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pa20140205-59\">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> a successful colonization would ultimately involve many more economic actors\\xe2\\x80\\x94whether individuals, companies, or governments\\xe2\\x80\\x94to facilitate the growth of the human presence on Mars over many decades.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ars20160928_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ars20160928-60\">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20161010_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20161010-61\">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-gw-20160927_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gw-20160927-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Achievements\">Achievements</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Achievements\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<p>SpaceX is defined as a private space company and thus its achievements can be counted as firsts by a private company. Overall achievements include most notably reuse and cost reduction in the spacelaunch industry. Landmark achievements of SpaceX in chronological order include:<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<ul><li>The first privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit (<a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1#Fourth_flight\" title=\"Falcon 1\">Falcon 1 flight 4</a> on September 28, 2008)</li>\\n<li>The first privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit (<a href=\"/wiki/RazakSAT\" title=\"RazakSAT\">RazakSAT</a> on Falcon 1 flight 5 on July 14, 2009)</li>\\n<li>The first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft (<a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_capsule\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Dragon capsule\">Dragon capsule</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_1\" title=\"SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1\">COTS demo flight 1</a> on December 9, 2010)</li>\\n<li>The first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station (<a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B\" title=\"Dragon C2+\">Dragon C2+</a> on May 25, 2012)</li>\\n<li>The first private company to send a satellite into geosynchronous orbit (<a href=\"/wiki/SES-8\" title=\"SES-8\">SES-8</a> on Falcon 9 flight 7 on December 3, 2013)</li>\\n<li>The first landing of an orbital rocket\\'s first stage on land (<a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_flight_20\" title=\"Falcon 9 flight 20\">Falcon 9 flight 20</a> on December 22, 2015)</li>\\n<li>The first landing of an orbital rocket\\'s first stage on an ocean platform (<a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_flight_23\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon 9 flight 23\">Falcon 9 flight 23</a> on April 8, 2016)</li>\\n<li>The first relaunch and landing of a used orbital rocket stage (<a href=\"/wiki/B1021\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"B1021\">B1021</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_flight_32\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon 9 flight 32\">Falcon 9 flight 32</a> on March 30, 2017)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-64\">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup></li>\\n<li>The first controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing (Falcon 9 flight 32 on March 30, 2017)<sup id=\"cite_ref-fairingrec_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fairingrec-65\">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup></li>\\n<li>The first reflight of a commercial cargo spacecraft. (<a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_C106\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Dragon C106\">Dragon C106</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/CRS-11\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CRS-11\">CRS-11</a> mission on June 3, 2017)<sup id=\"cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup></li>\\n<li>The first private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to space (<a href=\"/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1\" title=\"Crew Dragon Demo-1\">Crew Dragon Demo-1, on Falcon 9 flight 69</a> on March 2, 2019) and the first private company to autonomously dock a spacecraft to the International Space Station (same flight on March 3, 2019)<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa-20190303_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa-20190303-67\">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup></li>\\n<li>First company using a full flow staged combustion cycle engine (<a href=\"/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Raptor (rocket engine family)\">Raptor</a>) in free flying vehicle (<a href=\"/wiki/Starhopper\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starhopper\">Starhopper</a>, multiple test in 2019).</li></ul>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Setbacks\">Setbacks</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Setbacks\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<p>In March 2013, a <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon spacecraft</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Orbit\" title=\"Orbit\">orbit</a> developed issues with its thrusters that limited its control capabilities. SpaceX engineers were able to remotely clear the blockages within a short period, and the spacecraft was able to successfully complete its mission to and from the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a>.\\n</p><p>In late June 2015, <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-7\" title=\"SpaceX CRS-7\">CRS-7</a> launched a <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon</a> capsule atop a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> to resupply the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a>. All <a href=\"/wiki/Telemetry\" title=\"Telemetry\">telemetry</a> readings were nominal until 2 minutes and 19 seconds into the flight, when a loss of helium pressure was detected and a cloud of vapor appeared outside the second stage. A few seconds after this, the second stage exploded. The first stage continued to fly for a few seconds before disintegrating due to <a href=\"/wiki/Dynamic_pressure\" title=\"Dynamic pressure\">aerodynamic forces</a>. The capsule was thrown off and survived the explosion, transmitting data until it was destroyed on impact.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stephen_Clark_for_spaceflightnow.com_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stephen_Clark_for_spaceflightnow.com-68\">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> Later it was revealed that the capsule could have landed intact if it had <a href=\"/wiki/Software\" title=\"Software\">software</a> to deploy its parachutes in case of a launch mishap.<sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> The problem was discovered to be a failed 2-foot-long steel strut purchased from a supplier<sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> to hold a <a href=\"/wiki/Helium\" title=\"Helium\">helium</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Pressure_vessel\" title=\"Pressure vessel\">pressure vessel</a> that broke free due to the force of <a href=\"/wiki/Acceleration\" title=\"Acceleration\">acceleration</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure. The <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon</a> software issue was also fixed in addition to an analysis of the entire program in order to ensure proper abort mechanisms are in place for future rockets and their payload.<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In early September 2016, a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch <a href=\"/wiki/Wet_dress_rehearsal\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Wet dress rehearsal\">static fire test</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> The payload, the <a href=\"/wiki/Spacecom\" title=\"Spacecom\">Spacecom</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Amos-6\" title=\"Amos-6\">Amos-6</a> communications satellite valued at $200 million, was destroyed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> Musk described the event as the \"most difficult and complex failure\" in SpaceX\\'s history; SpaceX reviewed nearly 3,000 channels of telemetry and video data covering a period of 35\\xe2\\x80\\x9355 milliseconds for the postmortem.<sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> Musk reported that the explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with <a href=\"/wiki/Composite_overwrapped_pressure_vessel\" title=\"Composite overwrapped pressure vessel\">carbon composite</a> helium vessels.<sup id=\"cite_ref-verge-sept-explod-cause_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-verge-sept-explod-cause-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup> Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017.<sup id=\"cite_ref-plarson_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-plarson-78\">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>On 28 June 2019, SpaceX announced that it had lost contact with three of the 60 <a href=\"/wiki/Satellite\" title=\"Satellite\">satellites</a> making up the Starlink <a href=\"/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation\" title=\"Satellite internet constellation\">megaconstellation</a>. The dysfunctional satellites\\' orbits are expected to slowly decay until they disintegrate in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup> However, the rate of failure for satellites in megaconstellations consisting of thousands of satellites has raised concerns that these <a href=\"/wiki/Constellation\" title=\"Constellation\">constellations</a> could litter the <a href=\"/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit\" title=\"Low Earth orbit\">Earth\\'s lower orbit</a>, with serious detrimental consequences for future <a href=\"/wiki/Spaceflight\" title=\"Spaceflight\">space flights</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span id=\"Ownership.2C_funding_and_valuation\"></span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Ownership,_funding_and_valuation\">Ownership, funding and valuation</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Ownership, funding and valuation\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<p>In August 2008, SpaceX accepted a $20 million investment from <a href=\"/wiki/Founders_Fund\" title=\"Founders Fund\">Founders Fund</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of the company were owned by its founder<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup> and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth $875 million on <a href=\"/wiki/Private_equity\" title=\"Private equity\">private markets</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-IPO_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IPO-83\">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup> which roughly valued SpaceX at $1.3 billion as of February 2012.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cnbc20120427_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cnbc20120427-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup> After the <a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B\" title=\"Dragon C2+\">COTS 2+</a> flight in May 2012, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to $2.4 billion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup> In January 2015, SpaceX raised $1 billion in funding from <a href=\"/wiki/Google\" title=\"Google\">Google</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Fidelity_Ventures\" title=\"Fidelity Ventures\">Fidelity</a>, in exchange for 8.333% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately $12 billion. Google and Fidelity joined prior investors Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Founders Fund, Valor Equity Partners and Capricorn.<sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> In July 2017, the Company raised US$350m at a valuation of US$21 billion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>As of May&#160;2012<sup class=\"plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion in its first ten years of operation. Of this, private equity provided about $200M, with Musk investing approximately $100M and other investors having put in about $100M (<a href=\"/wiki/Founders_Fund\" title=\"Founders Fund\">Founders Fund</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Draper_Fisher_Jurvetson\" title=\"Draper Fisher Jurvetson\">Draper Fisher Jurvetson</a>, etc.).<sup id=\"cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup> The remainder has come from progress payments on long-term launch contracts and development contracts. By March 2018, SpaceX had contracts for 100 launch missions, and each of those contracts provide down payments at contract signing, plus many are paying progress payments as launch vehicle components are built in advance of mission launch, driven in part by US accounting rules for <a href=\"/wiki/Revenue_recognition#Long-term_contracts\" title=\"Revenue recognition\">recognizing long-term revenue</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-about_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-about-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:fit-content; width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content;\"><div class=\"thumbimage noresize\" style=\"width:auto;\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r888230452\">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.mw-graph{min-width:auto!important;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:visible}}.mw-parser-output .mw-graph-img{width:inherit;height:inherit}</style><div class=\"mw-graph\" style=\"min-width:250px;min-height:150px\"><img class=\"mw-graph-img\" src=\"/api/rest_v1/page/graph/png/SpaceX/0/fc7159a9e37df64cfb79bab83f5cbe4ffa3f06e5.png\" /></div></div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Successful SpaceX launches by year<sup id=\"cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\\n<p>Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement\" title=\"Space Act Agreement\">Space Act Agreement</a> process of \"setting only a <a href=\"/wiki/Requirement#Types_of_requirement\" title=\"Requirement\">high-level requirement</a> for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry\" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at substantially lower cost.  \"According to <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA\\'s</a> own independently verified numbers, SpaceX\\xe2\\x80\\x99s development costs of both the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets were estimated at approximately <span style=\"white-space: nowrap\">US$390 million</span> in total.  \"In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about <span style=\"white-space: nowrap\">US$4 billion</span> to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA\\'s traditional contracting processes\". The Falcon 9 launch system, with an estimated improvement at least four to ten times over traditional cost-plus contracting estimates, about $400 million vs. $4 billion in savings through the usage of Space Act Agreements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In April 2019, the Wall Street Journal reported that SpaceX was raising another $500 million in funding.<sup id=\"cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-93\">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> In May <a href=\"/wiki/Space_News\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Space News\">Space News</a> reported SpaceX \"raised $1.022 billion\" the day after SpaceX launched 60 Satellites towards their 12,000 satellite plan named <i>Starlink broadband constellation</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup> As of May 31, 2019, the value of SpaceX has risen to $33.3 billion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In June 2019 SpaceX started to raise $300 million of investment, mostly from the Ontario Teachers\\' Pension Plan, which has $191.1 billion in assets under management.<sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Hardware\">Hardware</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Hardware\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Launch_vehicles\">Launch vehicles</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Launch vehicles\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Launch_vehicles_of_SpaceX\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Launch vehicles of SpaceX\">Launch vehicles of SpaceX</a></div>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:CRS-18_Mission_(48380511427).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg/220px-CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg/330px-CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg/440px-CRS-18_Mission_%2848380511427%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:CRS-18_Mission_(48380511427).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>The landing of a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5\" title=\"Falcon 9 Block 5\">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 <a href=\"/wiki/VTVL\" title=\"VTVL\">VTVL</a> technologies are utilized in many of SpaceX\\'s launch vehicles</div></div></div>\\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1\" title=\"Falcon 1\">Falcon 1</a> was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low earth orbit.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Falcon9_overview_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Falcon9_overview-98\">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup>  It functioned as an early test-bed for developing concepts and components for the larger Falcon 9.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Falcon9_overview_98-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Falcon9_overview-98\">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup> Falcon 1 attempted five flights between 2006 and 2009. With Falcon I, when Musk announced his plans for it before a subcommittee in the Senate in 2004, he discussed that Falcon I would be the \\'worlds only  semi-reusable orbital rocket\\' apart from the space shuttle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> On September 28, 2008, on its fourth attempt, the Falcon 1 successfully reached orbit, becoming the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to do so.<sup id=\"cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle\">EELV</a>-class <a href=\"/wiki/Comparison_of_medium_lift_launch_systems\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comparison of medium lift launch systems\">medium-lift</a> vehicle capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265&#160;lb) to orbit, and is intended to compete with the <a href=\"/wiki/Delta_IV_rocket\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Delta IV rocket\">Delta IV</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Atlas_V_rocket\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atlas V rocket\">Atlas V</a> rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine <a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Merlin (rocket engine)\">Merlin</a> engines in its first stage.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SpaceX_Press_2005-09-08_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SpaceX_Press_2005-09-08-101\">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0\" title=\"Falcon 9 v1.0\">Falcon 9 v1.0</a> rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on June 4, 2010. Its third flight, <a href=\"/wiki/COTS_Demo_Flight_2\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"COTS Demo Flight 2\">COTS Demo Flight 2</a>, launched on May 22, 2012, and was the first <a href=\"/wiki/Private_spaceflight\" title=\"Private spaceflight\">commercial</a> spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cbcnews_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cbcnews-102\">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> The vehicle was upgraded to <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1\" title=\"Falcon 9 v1.1\">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> in 2013 and again in 2015 to the current <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust\" title=\"Falcon 9 Full Thrust\">Falcon 9 Full Thrust</a> version. As of February&#160;2018<sup class=\"plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, Falcon 9 vehicles have flown <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches\">49 successful missions</a> with one failure, the CRS-7 mission. An additional vehicle was destroyed during a routine test several days prior to a scheduled launch in 2016.\\n</p><p>In 2011, SpaceX began development of the <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Comparison_of_heavy_lift_launch_systems\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Comparison of heavy lift launch systems\">heavy-lift</a> rocket configured using a cluster of three Falcon 9 first stage <a href=\"/wiki/Modular_rocket\" title=\"Modular rocket\">cores</a> with a total 27 <a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_1D\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Merlin 1D\">Merlin 1D</a> engines and <a href=\"/wiki/Propellant_crossfeed\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Propellant crossfeed\">propellant crossfeed</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sxfh2011_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sxfh2011-103\">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nsw20130103_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nsw20130103-104\">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup> The Falcon Heavy successfully flew on its inaugural mission on February 6, 2018 with a payload consisting of Musk\\'s personal <a href=\"/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)\" title=\"Tesla Roadster (2008)\">Tesla Roadster</a> into <a href=\"/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit\" title=\"Heliocentric orbit\">heliocentric orbit</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup> The first stage would be capable of lifting 63,800 kilograms (140,660&#160;lb) to <a href=\"/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit\" title=\"Low Earth orbit\">LEO</a> with the 27 Merlin 1D engines producing 22,819 <a href=\"/wiki/Newton_(unit)\" title=\"Newton (unit)\">kN</a> of thrust at sea level, and 24,681&#160;kN in space. At the time of its first launch, SpaceX described their Falcon Heavy as \"the world\\'s most powerful rocket in operation\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Rocket_engines\">Rocket engines</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Rocket engines\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket_engines_of_SpaceX\" title=\"Rocket engines of SpaceX\">Rocket engines of SpaceX</a></div>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg/220px-SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg/330px-SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg/440px-SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"921\" data-file-height=\"614\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>The <a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)#Merlin_1D\" title=\"Merlin (rocket engine family)\">Merlin 1D</a> engine, SpaceX\\'s most prolific engine, undergoing testing at SpaceX\\'s Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas</div></div></div> \\n<p>Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed three families of <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket_engine\" title=\"Rocket engine\">rocket engines</a>&#160;\\xe2\\x80\\x94 <a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Merlin (rocket engine)\">Merlin</a> and the retired <a href=\"/wiki/Kestrel_(rocket_engine)\" title=\"Kestrel (rocket engine)\">Kestrel</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/Launch_vehicle\" title=\"Launch vehicle\">launch vehicle</a> propulsion, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Draco_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Draco (rocket engine family)\">Draco</a> control thrusters. SpaceX is currently <a href=\"/wiki/New_product_development\" title=\"New product development\">developing</a> two further rocket engines: <a href=\"/wiki/SuperDraco_(rocket_engine)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SuperDraco (rocket engine)\">SuperDraco</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Raptor (rocket engine family)\">Raptor</a>. SpaceX is currently the world\\'s most prolific producer of liquid fuel rocket engines.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup> Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon (rocket family)\">Falcon rocket family</a>. Merlin engines use <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid_oxygen\" title=\"Liquid oxygen\">LOX</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/RP-1\" title=\"RP-1\">RP-1</a> as propellants in a gas-generator power cycle. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse. The injector at the heart of Merlin is of the <a href=\"/wiki/Pintle_injector\" title=\"Pintle injector\">pintle</a> type that was first used in the <a href=\"/wiki/Apollo_Program\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Apollo Program\">Apollo Program</a> for the lunar module landing engine. Propellants are fed via a single shaft, dual impeller <a href=\"/wiki/Turbo-pump\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Turbo-pump\">turbo-pump</a>. Kestrel is a LOX/RP-1 <a href=\"/wiki/Pressure-fed_engine_(rocket)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pressure-fed engine (rocket)\">pressure-fed</a> rocket engine, and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket\\'s second stage main engine. It is built around the same pintle architecture as SpaceX\\'s Merlin engine but does not have a <a href=\"/wiki/Turbo-pump\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Turbo-pump\">turbo-pump</a>, and is fed only by <a href=\"/wiki/Pressure-fed_engine_(rocket)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pressure-fed engine (rocket)\">tank pressure</a>. Its nozzle is <a href=\"/wiki/Ablation\" title=\"Ablation\">ablatively</a> cooled in the chamber and throat, is also <a href=\"/wiki/Radiative_cooling\" title=\"Radiative cooling\">radiatively cooled</a>, and is fabricated from a high strength <a href=\"/wiki/Niobium\" title=\"Niobium\">niobium</a> alloy. Both names for the <a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Merlin (rocket engine)\">Merlin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Kestrel_(rocket_engine)\" title=\"Kestrel (rocket engine)\">Kestrel</a> engines are derived from species of North American falcons: the <a href=\"/wiki/Kestrel\" title=\"Kestrel\">kestrel</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(bird)\" title=\"Merlin (bird)\">merlin</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>Draco are <a href=\"/wiki/Hypergolic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hypergolic\">hypergolic</a> liquid-propellant rocket engines that utilize <a href=\"/wiki/Monomethyl_hydrazine\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Monomethyl hydrazine\">monomethyl hydrazine</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Fuel\" title=\"Fuel\">fuel</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nitrogen tetroxide\">nitrogen tetroxide</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Oxidizer\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oxidizer\">oxidizer</a>. Each Draco thruster generates 400 newtons (90&#160;lbf) of thrust.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sxu20071210_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sxu20071210-109\">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup> They are used as <a href=\"/wiki/Reaction_control_system\" title=\"Reaction control system\">reaction control system</a> (RCS) thrusters on the <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon spacecraft</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sxF9LVPUG2009_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sxF9LVPUG2009-110\">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/SuperDraco\" title=\"SuperDraco\">SuperDraco</a> engines are a much more powerful version of the Draco thrusters, which were initially meant to be used as landing and <a href=\"/wiki/Launch_escape_system\" title=\"Launch escape system\">launch escape system</a> engines on the version 2 Dragon spacecraft, <a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_2\" title=\"Dragon 2\">Dragon 2</a>. The concept of using retro-rockets for landing was scrapped in 2017 when it was decided to perform a traditional parachute descent and <a href=\"/wiki/Splashdown\" title=\"Splashdown\">splashdown</a> at sea.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Raptor (rocket engine family)\">Raptor</a> is a new family of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane#Liquid_methane_rocket_fuel\" title=\"Methane\">methane-fueled</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle#Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle\" title=\"Staged combustion cycle\">full flow staged combustion cycle</a> engines to be used in its future Starship launch system.<sup id=\"cite_ref-112\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-112\">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> Development versions were test fired in late 2016.<sup id=\"cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup> On April 3, 2019, SpaceX conducted a successful static fire test in Texas on its <a href=\"/wiki/Starship_test_flight_rocket\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starship test flight rocket\">Starhopper</a> vehicle, which ignited the engine while the vehicle remained tethered to the ground.<sup id=\"cite_ref-114\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-114\">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup> On July 24, 2019 SpaceX conducted a successful test hop of 20 meters of its Starhopper test vehicle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup> On the 28th August 2019 SpaceX\\'s Starhopper prototype conducted a successful test hop of 150-meters.<sup id=\"cite_ref-116\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-116\">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Spacecraft\">Spacecraft</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Spacecraft\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_(cropped).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2000\" data-file-height=\"1500\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_(cropped).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>SpaceX\\'s <a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_2\" title=\"Dragon 2\">Crew Dragon</a> spacecraft, designed to shuttle crew to and from the International Space Station as part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development\" title=\"Commercial Crew Development\">Commercial Crew Program</a></div></div></div>\\n<p>In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade.<sup id=\"cite_ref-117\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-117\">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup> The Dragon is a conventional blunt-cone ballistic capsule which is capable of carrying cargo or up to seven astronauts into orbit and beyond.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Spaceref_Dragon_first_2006_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Spaceref_Dragon_first_2006-118\">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Spaceref_Dragon_first_2006_118-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Spaceref_Dragon_first_2006-118\">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup> In 2006, NASA announced that the company was one of two selected to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the COTS program.<sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX demonstrated cargo resupply and eventually crew transportation services using the Dragon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cbcnews_102-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cbcnews-102\">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> The first flight of a Dragon structural test article took place in June 2010, from Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station during the maiden flight of the <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle; the <a href=\"/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)\" title=\"Boilerplate (spaceflight)\">mock-up</a> Dragon lacked avionics, heat shield, and other key elements normally required of a fully operational spacecraft but contained all the necessary characteristics to validate the flight performance of the launch vehicle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-COTS1presskitSpaceX_120-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-COTS1presskitSpaceX-120\">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup> An operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard <a href=\"/wiki/COTS_Demo_Flight_1\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"COTS Demo Flight 1\">COTS Demo Flight 1</a>, the Falcon 9\\'s second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives.<sup id=\"cite_ref-BBCLaunchDec2010_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BBCLaunchDec2010-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup> In 2012, Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station,<sup id=\"cite_ref-cbcnews_102-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cbcnews-102\">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> and has since been conducting regular resupply services to the ISS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In April 2011, NASA issued a $75 million contract, as part of its second-round <a href=\"/wiki/CCDev\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CCDev\">commercial crew development</a> (CCDev) program, for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sdc20110418_123-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sdc20110418-123\">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup> In August 2012, NASA awarded SpaceX a firm, fixed-price <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement\" title=\"Space Act Agreement\">SAA</a> with the objective of producing a detailed design of the entire crew transportation system. This contract includes numerous key technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions following system certification.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_124-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-124\">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup> The fully autonomous Crew Dragon spacecraft is expected to be one of the safest crewed spacecraft systems. Reusable in nature, the Crew Dragon will offer savings to NASA.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_124-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-124\">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX conducted a test of an empty Crew Dragon to ISS in early 2019, and later in the year they plan to launch a crewed Dragon which will send US astronauts to the ISS for the first time since the retirement of the <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Shuttle\" title=\"Space Shuttle\">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-125\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-125\">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nasacc_dates3_126-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasacc_dates3-126\">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup>  In February 2017 SpaceX announced that two would-be <a href=\"/wiki/Space_tourism\" title=\"Space tourism\">space tourists</a> had put down \"significant deposits\" for a mission which would see the two tourists fly on board a Dragon capsule around the Moon and back again.\\n</p><p>In addition to SpaceX\\'s privately funded plans for an eventual <a href=\"/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars\" title=\"Exploration of Mars\">Mars mission</a>, NASA <a href=\"/wiki/Ames_Research_Center\" title=\"Ames Research Center\">Ames Research Center</a> had developed a concept called <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Dragon_(spacecraft)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Red Dragon (spacecraft)\">Red Dragon</a>: a low-cost Mars mission that would use <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a> as the launch vehicle and trans-Martian injection vehicle, and the <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon capsule</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_entry\" title=\"Atmospheric entry\">enter</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Martian_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Martian atmosphere\">Martian atmosphere</a>. The concept was originally envisioned for launch in 2018 as a <a href=\"/wiki/Discovery_Program\" title=\"Discovery Program\">NASA Discovery mission</a>, then alternatively for 2022<sup id=\"cite_ref-Wall2015_127-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wall2015-127\">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup> The objectives of the mission would be return the samples from Mars to Earth at a fraction of the cost of the NASA own return-sample mission now projected at 6 billion dollars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Wall2015_127-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wall2015-127\">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup> In September 2017, <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> released first prototype images of their space suits to be used in future missions. The suit is in testing phase and it is designed to cope with 2 ATM pressure in vacuum.<sup id=\"cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup> The Crew Dragon spacecraft was first sent to space on March 2, 2019.\\n</p>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Research_and_development\">Research and development</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\" title=\"Edit section: Research and development\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg/220px-Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg/330px-Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg/440px-Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4752\" data-file-height=\"3168\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>First test firing of a scale Raptor development engine in September 2016 in McGregor, Texas.</div></div></div>\\n<p>SpaceX is actively pursuing several different <a href=\"/wiki/Research_and_development\" title=\"Research and development\">research and development</a> programs. Most notable are those intended to develop reusable launch vehicles, an interplanetary transport system and a global telecommunications network.\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Reusable_launch_system\">Reusable launch system</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\" title=\"Edit section: Reusable launch system\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_(17127808431).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg/220px-SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"157\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg/330px-SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg/440px-SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_%2817127808431%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1969\" data-file-height=\"1407\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_(17127808431).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><i><a href=\"/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship\" title=\"Autonomous spaceport drone ship\">Autonomous spaceport drone ship</a></i> in position prior to Falcon 9 Flight 17 carrying CRS-6.</div></div></div>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program\" title=\"SpaceX reusable launch system development program\">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests\" title=\"Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests\">Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests</a></div>\\n<p>SpaceX\\'s reusable launcher program was publicly announced in 2011 and the design phase was completed in February 2012. The system returns the <a href=\"/wiki/First_stage_(rocketry)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"First stage (rocketry)\">first stage</a> of a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> rocket to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pm20120207_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pm20120207-131\">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>SpaceX\\'s active test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the <a href=\"/wiki/VTVL\" title=\"VTVL\">landing</a> technology. <a href=\"/wiki/Grasshopper_(rocket)\" title=\"Grasshopper (rocket)\">Grasshopper</a> and the Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicles (F9R Dev) were experimental <a href=\"/wiki/Technology-demonstrator\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Technology-demonstrator\">technology-demonstrator</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Reusable_launch_system\" title=\"Reusable launch system\">reusable rockets</a> that performed vertical takeoffs and landings.\\n</p><p>High-velocity, high-altitude aspects of the <a href=\"/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)\" title=\"Booster (rocketry)\">booster</a> atmospheric return technology began testing in late 2013 and have continued through 2018, with a 98% success rate to <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches\">date</a>. As a result of Elon Musk\\'s goal of crafting more cost-effective launch vehicles, SpaceX conceived a method to reuse the first stage of their primary rocket, the <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-132\">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> by attempting propulsive vertical landings on solid surfaces. Once the company determined that soft landings were feasible by touching down over the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, they began landing attempts on a solid platform. SpaceX leased and modified several barges to sit out at sea as a target for the returning first stage, converting them to <a href=\"/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship\" title=\"Autonomous spaceport drone ship\">autonomous spaceport drone ships</a> (ASDS). SpaceX first achieved a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Flight_20\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon 9 Flight 20\">successful landing and recovery of a first stage</a> in December 2015,<sup id=\"cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup> and in April 2016, the first stage booster first successfully landed on the ASDS <i><a href=\"/wiki/Of_Course_I_Still_Love_You\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Of Course I Still Love You\">Of Course I Still Love You</a></i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-crs84klanding_134-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-crs84klanding-134\">&#91;134&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-crs8hostedlanding_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-crs8hostedlanding-135\">&#91;135&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>SpaceX continues to carry out first stage landings on every orbital launch that fuel margins allow. By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a ten percent price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20161005_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20161005-136\">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup> On March 30, 2017, SpaceX launched a \"flight-proven\" Falcon 9 for the <a href=\"/wiki/SES-10\" title=\"SES-10\">SES-10 mission</a>. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_64-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-64\">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup> The first stage was recovered and landed on the ASDS <i>Of Course I Still Love You</i> in the Atlantic Ocean, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket. Elon Musk called the achievement an \"incredible milestone in the history of space.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">&#91;139&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span id=\"Interplanetary_Transport_System_.2F_BFR_.2F_Starship\"></span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Interplanetary_Transport_System_/_BFR_/_Starship\">Interplanetary Transport System / BFR / Starship</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\" title=\"Edit section: Interplanetary Transport System / BFR / Starship\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg/220px-BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg/330px-BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg/440px-BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3840\" data-file-height=\"2160\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:BFR_at_stage_separation_2-2018.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Artist\\'s impression of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Starship_(spacecraft)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starship (spacecraft)\">Starship</a></i> during stage separation</div></div></div>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_transportation_infrastructure\" title=\"SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure\">SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/BFR_(rocket)\" title=\"BFR (rocket)\">BFR (rocket)</a></div>\\n<p>SpaceX is developing a super-heavy lift launch system, <a href=\"/wiki/BFR_(rocket)\" title=\"BFR (rocket)\">Starship-Super Heavy</a>. Starship-Super Heavy is a fully reusable first stage launch vehicle and second stage + spacecraft intended to replace all of the company\\'s existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s; plus ground infrastructure for rapid launch and relaunch and zero-gravity propellant transfer technology in <a href=\"/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit\" title=\"Low Earth orbit\">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO).\\n</p><p>SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter <a href=\"/wiki/ITS_launch_vehicle\" title=\"ITS launch vehicle\">ITS launch vehicle</a> concept in 2016 which was solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses.  In 2017, SpaceX articulated a smaller 9-meter-diameter <a href=\"/wiki/BFR_(rocket)\" title=\"BFR (rocket)\">vehicle architecture</a> to replace all of SpaceX launch service provider capabilities\\xe2\\x80\\x94Earth-orbit, lunar-orbit, interplanetary missions, and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth\\xe2\\x80\\x94but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower cost structure.<sup id=\"cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup> Private passenger <a href=\"/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa\" title=\"Yusaku Maezawa\">Yusaku Maezawa</a> has contracted to <a href=\"/wiki/Circumlunar_trajectory\" title=\"Circumlunar trajectory\">fly around the Moon</a> in Starship-Super Heavy in 2023.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">&#91;141&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">&#91;142&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">&#91;143&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>Musk\\'s long term vision for the company is the development of technology and resources suitable for human colonization on Mars. He has expressed his interest in someday traveling to the planet, stating \"I\\'d like to die on Mars, just not on impact.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup> A rocket every two years or so could provide a base for the people arriving in 2025 after a launch in 2024.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">&#91;145&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">&#91;146&#93;</a></sup> According to Steve Jurvetson, Musk believes that by 2035 at the latest, there will be thousands of rockets flying a million people to Mars, in order to enable a self-sustaining human colony.<sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">&#91;147&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Other_projects\">Other projects</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Other projects\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Starlink_(satellite_constellation)\" title=\"Starlink (satellite constellation)\">Starlink (satellite constellation)</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition\" title=\"Hyperloop pod competition\">Hyperloop pod competition</a></div>\\n<p>In January 2015, SpaceX CEO <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> announced the development of <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_satellite_constellation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX satellite constellation\">a new satellite constellation</a> to provide global broadband internet service. In June 2015 the company asked the federal government for permission to begin testing for a project that aims to build a constellation of 4,425 satellites capable of beaming the Internet to the entire globe, including remote regions which currently do not have Internet access.<sup id=\"cite_ref-148\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-148\">&#91;148&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-149\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-149\">&#91;149&#93;</a></sup> The Internet service would use a constellation of 4,425 cross-linked <a href=\"/wiki/Communications_satellite\" title=\"Communications satellite\">communications satellites</a> in 1,100&#160;km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, the goal of the business is to increase profitability and cashflow, to allow SpaceX to build its Mars colony.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20150119_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20150119-150\">&#91;150&#93;</a></sup> Development began in 2015, initial prototype <a href=\"/wiki/Flight_test\" title=\"Flight test\">test-flight</a> satellites were launched on the SpaceX PAZ mission in 2017. Initial operation of the constellation could begin as early as 2020. As of March&#160;2017<sup class=\"plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, SpaceX filed with the <a href=\"/wiki/FCC\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"FCC\">US regulatory authorities</a> plans to field a constellation of an additional 7,518 \"<a href=\"/wiki/V-band\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"V-band\">V-band</a> satellites in non-<a href=\"/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit\" title=\"Geosynchronous orbit\">geosynchronous orbits</a> to provide communications services\" in an electromagnetic spectrum that had not previously been \"heavily employed for commercial communications services\". Called the \"V-band low-Earth-orbit (VLEO) constellation\", it would consist of \"7,518 satellites to follow the [earlier] proposed 4,425 satellites that would function in <a href=\"/wiki/Ka-band\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ka-band\">Ka-</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ku-band\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ku-band\">Ku-band</a>\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-151\">&#91;151&#93;</a></sup>\\nIn February 2019, SpaceX formed a sibling company, <b>SpaceX Services, Inc.</b>, to license the manufacture and deployment of up to 1,000,000 <a href=\"/wiki/Fixed_station\" title=\"Fixed station\">fixed</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Satellite_earth_station\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Satellite earth station\">satellite earth stations</a> that will communicate with its Starlink system.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fcc20190201_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fcc20190201-152\">&#91;152&#93;</a></sup>  In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, FL.<sup id=\"cite_ref-153\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">&#91;153&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperloop\" title=\"Hyperloop\">Hyperloop</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition\" title=\"Hyperloop pod competition\">competition</a>, and would build a 1-mile-long (1.6&#160;km) <a href=\"/wiki/Scale_model\" title=\"Scale model\">subscale</a> test track near SpaceX\\'s headquarters for the competitive events.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nbc20150615_154-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nbc20150615-154\">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-spacex-competition201506_155-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spacex-competition201506-155\">&#91;155&#93;</a></sup> The first competitive event was held at the track in January 2017 and the second in August 2017.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bi20170127_156-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bi20170127-156\">&#91;156&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-geekwire20170827_157-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-geekwire20170827-157\">&#91;157&#93;</a></sup> And the third in December 2018.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sxhyperloop20170910_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sxhyperloop20170910-158\">&#91;158&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Infrastructure\">Infrastructure</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\" title=\"Edit section: Infrastructure\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"330\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2848\" data-file-height=\"4272\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Entrance_to_SpaceX_headquarters.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>The company\\'s headquarters, located in <a href=\"/wiki/Hawthorne,_California\" title=\"Hawthorne, California\">Hawthorne, California</a>.</div></div></div>\\n<p>SpaceX is <a href=\"/wiki/Headquarter\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Headquarter\">headquartered</a> in Hawthorne, California, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant. The company owns a test site in Texas and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional offices in Redmond, Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.<sup id=\"cite_ref-about_42-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-about-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span id=\"Headquarters.2C_manufacturing_and_refurbishment_facilities\"></span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Headquarters,_manufacturing_and_refurbishment_facilities\">Headquarters, manufacturing and refurbishment facilities</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\" title=\"Edit section: Headquarters, manufacturing and refurbishment facilities\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_(16846994851).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_%2816846994851%29.jpg/220px-Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_%2816846994851%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"150\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_%2816846994851%29.jpg/330px-Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_%2816846994851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_%2816846994851%29.jpg/440px-Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_%2816846994851%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2048\" data-file-height=\"1392\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Falcon_9_rocket_cores_under_construction_at_SpaceX_Hawthorne_facility_(16846994851).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1\" title=\"Falcon 9 v1.1\">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> rocket cores under construction at the SpaceX Hawthorne facility, November 2014.</div></div></div>\\n<p>SpaceX Headquarters is located in the <a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles\" title=\"Los Angeles\">Los Angeles</a> suburb of <a href=\"/wiki/Hawthorne,_California\" title=\"Hawthorne, California\">Hawthorne, California</a>. The large three-story facility, originally built by <a href=\"/wiki/Northrop_Corporation\" title=\"Northrop Corporation\">Northrop Corporation</a> to build <a href=\"/wiki/Boeing_747\" title=\"Boeing 747\">Boeing 747</a> fuselages,<sup id=\"cite_ref-pm_159-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pm-159\">&#91;159&#93;</a></sup> houses SpaceX\\'s office space, mission control, and, as of 2018, all vehicle manufacturing. In March 2018, SpaceX indicated that it would manufacture its next-generation, 9&#160;m (30&#160;ft)-diameter launch vehicle, the <a href=\"/wiki/BFR_(rocket)\" title=\"BFR (rocket)\">BFR</a> at a new facility it is building on the <a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Los Angeles, California\">Los Angeles</a> waterfront in the <a href=\"/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles\" title=\"San Pedro, Los Angeles\">San Pedro</a> area. The company has leased an 18-acre site near Berth 240 in the Los Angeles port for 10 years, with multiple renewals possible, and will use the site for manufacturing, recovery from shipborne landings, and refurbishment of both the BFR booster and the BFR spaceship.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ars20180319_160-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ars20180319-160\">&#91;160&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-161\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-161\">&#91;161&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>The area has one of the largest concentrations of aerospace headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including <a href=\"/wiki/Boeing\" title=\"Boeing\">Boeing</a>/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses, <a href=\"/wiki/Aerospace_Corp.\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aerospace Corp.\">Aerospace Corp.</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Raytheon\" title=\"Raytheon\">Raytheon</a>, NASA\\'s <a href=\"/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory\" title=\"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command\" title=\"Air Force Space Command\">Air Force Space Command</a>\\'s <a href=\"/wiki/Space_and_Missile_Systems_Center\" title=\"Space and Missile Systems Center\">Space and Missile Systems Center</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base\" title=\"Los Angeles Air Force Base\">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lockheed_Martin\" title=\"Lockheed Martin\">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/BAE_Systems\" title=\"BAE Systems\">BAE Systems</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Northrop_Grumman\" title=\"Northrop Grumman\">Northrop Grumman</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/AECOM\" title=\"AECOM\">AECOM</a>, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pm_159-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pm-159\">&#91;159&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>SpaceX utilizes a high degree of <a href=\"/wiki/Vertical_integration\" title=\"Vertical integration\">vertical integration</a> in the production of its rockets and rocket engines.<sup id=\"cite_ref-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-27\">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX builds its <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket_engine\" title=\"Rocket engine\">rocket engines</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Launch_vehicle\" title=\"Launch vehicle\">rocket stages</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Spacecraft\" title=\"Spacecraft\">spacecraft</a>, principal <a href=\"/wiki/Avionics\" title=\"Avionics\">avionics</a> and all <a href=\"/wiki/Embedded_software\" title=\"Embedded software\">software</a> in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the aerospace industry. Nevertheless, SpaceX still has over 3,000 suppliers with some 1,100 of those delivering to SpaceX nearly weekly.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AtlanticCouncil20140604q2_162-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AtlanticCouncil20140604q2-162\">&#91;162&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In June 2017, SpaceX announced they would construct a facility on 0.88 hectares (2.17 acres) in <a href=\"/wiki/Port_Canaveral\" title=\"Port Canaveral\">Port Canaveral</a> Florida for refurbishment and storage of previously flown Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy booster cores.<sup id=\"cite_ref-163\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-163\">&#91;163&#93;</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;\">&#91;<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items\" title=\"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers\"><span title=\"The text near this tag is dated. (May 2018)\">needs update</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Development_and_test_facilities\">Development and test facilities</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\" title=\"Edit section: Development and test facilities\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg/220px-SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"174\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg/330px-SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg/440px-SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2972\" data-file-height=\"2353\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Engine_Test_Bunker.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>SpaceX McGregor engine test bunker, September 2012</div></div></div>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility\">SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility</a></div>\\n<p>SpaceX operates their first Rocket Development and Test Facility in <a href=\"/wiki/McGregor,_Texas\" title=\"McGregor, Texas\">McGregor, Texas</a>. All SpaceX rocket engines are tested on <a href=\"/wiki/Rocket_engine_test_facility\" title=\"Rocket engine test facility\">rocket test stands</a>, and low-altitude <a href=\"/wiki/VTVL\" title=\"VTVL\">VTVL</a> flight testing of the Falcon 9 <a href=\"/wiki/Grasshopper_(rocket)\" title=\"Grasshopper (rocket)\">Grasshopper</a> v1.0 and <a href=\"/wiki/F9R_Dev1\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"F9R Dev1\">F9R Dev1</a> test vehicles in 2013\\xe2\\x80\\x932014 were carried out at McGregor.  2019 low-altitude VTVL testing of the much larger 9-meter (30&#160;ft)-diameter <i><a href=\"/wiki/Starship_test_flight_rocket\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starship test flight rocket\">\"Starhopper\"</a></i> is planned to occur at the <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_Launch_Site\" title=\"SpaceX South Texas Launch Site\">SpaceX South Texas Launch Site</a> near <a href=\"/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas\" title=\"Brownsville, Texas\">Brownsville, Texas</a>, which is currently under construction.<sup id=\"cite_ref-trati20181224_164-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-trati20181224-164\">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20181224_165-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20181224-165\">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-mw20190110_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mw20190110-166\">&#91;166&#93;</a></sup> On January 23, 2019, strong winds at the Texas test launch site blew over the nose cone over the first test article rocket, causing delays that will take weeks to repair according to SpaceX representatives.<sup id=\"cite_ref-167\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> In the event, SpaceX decided to forego building another nose cone for the first test article, because at the low velocities planned for that rocket, it was unnecessary.\\n</p><p>The company purchased the McGregor facilities from <a href=\"/wiki/Beal_Aerospace\" title=\"Beal Aerospace\">Beal Aerospace</a>, where it refitted the largest test stand for <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> engine testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since purchase, and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland. In 2011, the company announced plans to upgrade the facility for launch testing a VTVL rocket,<sup id=\"cite_ref-satspot20110926_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-satspot20110926-47\">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> and then constructed a half-acre concrete launch facility in 2012 to support the Grasshopper test flight program.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sfn20120709_48-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sfn20120709-48\">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> As of October&#160;2012<sup class=\"plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update\" style=\"display:none;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit\">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated \"18 hours a day, six days a week\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-wired20121010_168-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wired20121010-168\">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup> and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a large <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_launches#Launch_Manifest\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 launches\">manifest</a> in the next several years. <sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;\">&#91;<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items\" title=\"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers\"><span title=\"The text near this tag is dated. (January 2013)\">needs update</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>\\n</p><p>In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse in future missions.\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Launch_facilities\">Launch facilities</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\" title=\"Edit section: Launch facilities\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities\" title=\"SpaceX launch facilities\">SpaceX launch facilities</a></div>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_(130929-F-ET475-012).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_%28130929-F-ET475-012%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2871\" data-file-height=\"1914\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_(130929-F-ET475-012).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>SpaceX west coast launch facility at <a href=\"/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base\" title=\"Vandenberg Air Force Base\">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a>, during the launch of CASSIOPE, September 2013.</div></div></div>\\n<p>SpaceX currently operates three <a href=\"/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight\" title=\"Orbital spaceflight\">orbital</a> launch sites, at <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Canaveral\" title=\"Cape Canaveral\">Cape Canaveral</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base\" title=\"Vandenberg Air Force Base\">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center\" title=\"Kennedy Space Center\">Kennedy Space Center</a>, and is under construction on a fourth in Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20130802_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20130802-169\">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup> The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66\\xe2\\x80\\x93145\\xc2\\xb0), while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination, up to 51.6\\xc2\\xb0.<sup id=\"cite_ref-170\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup> Before it was retired, all <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1\" title=\"Falcon 1\">Falcon 1</a> launches took place at the <a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site\" title=\"Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site\">Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Omelek_Island\" title=\"Omelek Island\">Omelek Island</a>.\\n</p>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cape_Canaveral\">Cape Canaveral</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\" title=\"Edit section: Cape Canaveral\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_40\" title=\"Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40\">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40</a> (SLC-40) is used for Falcon 9 launches to low Earth and geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX\\'s booster reusability program, the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamed <a href=\"/wiki/Landing_Zone_1\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Landing Zone 1\">Landing Zone 1</a>, has been designated for use for Falcon 9 <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests\" title=\"Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests\">first-stage booster landings</a>.\\n</p>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_(23271687254).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_%2823271687254%29.jpg/220px-ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_%2823271687254%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_%2823271687254%29.jpg/330px-ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_%2823271687254%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_%2823271687254%29.jpg/440px-ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_%2823271687254%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ORBCOMM-2_First-Stage_Landing_(23271687254).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Flight_20\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon 9 Flight 20\">Falcon 9 Flight 20</a> landing on <a href=\"/wiki/Landing_Zone_1\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Landing Zone 1\">Landing Zone 1</a> in December 2015</div></div></div>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Vandenberg\">Vandenberg</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\" title=\"Edit section: Vandenberg\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_4\" title=\"Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 4\">Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 4 East</a> (SLC-4E) is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy,<sup id=\"cite_ref-nsf20110405_171-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nsf20110405-171\">&#91;171&#93;</a></sup> but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4, where SpaceX successfully landed one Falcon 9 first-stage booster, in October 2018.<sup id=\"cite_ref-172\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-172\">&#91;172&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Kennedy_Space_Center\">Kennedy Space Center</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\" title=\"Edit section: Kennedy Space Center\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<p>On April 14, 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for <a href=\"/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39\" title=\"Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39\">Launch Pad 39A</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-173\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-173\">&#91;173&#93;</a></sup> The pad was subsequently modified to support <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a> launches. SpaceX has launched 13 Falcon 9 missions from <a href=\"/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39\" title=\"Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39\">Launch Pad 39A</a> and more recently the <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy#Launches_and_payloads\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a> Rocket, on April 11, 2019.<sup id=\"cite_ref-174\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-174\">&#91;174&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-175\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-175\">&#91;175&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX intends to launch the first crewed missions to the ISS from <a href=\"/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39\" title=\"Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39\">Launch Pad 39A</a> in 2019.<sup id=\"cite_ref-176\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-176\">&#91;176&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Brownsville\">Brownsville</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\" title=\"Edit section: Brownsville\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<p>In August 2014, SpaceX announced they would be building a <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_Launch_Site\" title=\"SpaceX South Texas Launch Site\">commercial-only launch facility</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas\" title=\"Brownsville, Texas\">Brownsville, Texas</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-177\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-177\">&#91;177&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-178\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-178\">&#91;178&#93;</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration\" title=\"Federal Aviation Administration\">Federal Aviation Administration</a> released a draft <a href=\"/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement\" title=\"Environmental impact statement\">Environmental Impact Statement</a> for the proposed Texas facility in April 2013, and \"found that \\'no impacts would occur\\' that would force the Federal Aviation Administration to deny SpaceX a permit for rocket operations,\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-bh201304_179-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bh201304-179\">&#91;179&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-bh201304_179-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bh201304-179\">&#91;179&#93;</a></sup> and issued the permit in July 2014.<sup id=\"cite_ref-180\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-180\">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX started construction on the new launch facility in 2014 with production ramping up in the latter half of 2015,<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20140922_181-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20140922-181\">&#91;181&#93;</a></sup> with the first <a href=\"/wiki/Suborbital_spaceflight\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Suborbital spaceflight\">suborbital</a> launches from the facility in 2019.<sup id=\"cite_ref-trati20181224_164-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-trati20181224-164\">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20181224_165-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20181224-165\">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-tsr20130401_182-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tsr20130401-182\">&#91;182&#93;</a></sup> Real estate packages at the location have been named by SpaceX with names based on the theme \"<a href=\"/wiki/Mars_Crossing\" title=\"Mars Crossing\">Mars Crossing</a>\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-183\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-183\">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-184\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-184\">&#91;184&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Satellite_prototyping_facility\">Satellite prototyping facility</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\" title=\"Edit section: Satellite prototyping facility\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/Starlink_(satellite_constellation)\" title=\"Starlink (satellite constellation)\">Starlink (satellite constellation)</a></div>\\n<p>In January 2015, SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 square foot (2800m<sup>2</sup>)  office building located in Redmond, Washington. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 square feet (3800m<sup>2</sup>)  and has become a research and development lab for the satellites.<sup id=\"cite_ref-185\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-185\">&#91;185&#93;</a></sup> In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 740 square meters (8,000&#160;sq&#160;ft) creative space in <a href=\"/wiki/Irvine,_California\" title=\"Irvine, California\">Irvine, California</a> (Orange County) to focus on satellite communications.<sup id=\"cite_ref-186\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-186\">&#91;186&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Launch_contracts\">Launch contracts</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23\" title=\"Edit section: Launch contracts\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches\">List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches</a></div>\\n<p>SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> for the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Space_Station\" title=\"International Space Station\">International Space Station</a> (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for <a href=\"/wiki/US_military\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"US military\">US military</a> launches of <a href=\"/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle\">Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle</a>-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over $12B under contract.<sup id=\"cite_ref-about_42-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-about-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"NASA_contracts\">NASA contracts</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24\" title=\"Edit section: NASA contracts\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"COTS\">COTS</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25\" title=\"Edit section: COTS\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/220px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"183\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/330px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/440px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3402\" data-file-height=\"2832\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to the ISS by <a href=\"/wiki/Canadarm2\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Canadarm2\">Canadarm2</a>.</div></div></div>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services\" title=\"Commercial Orbital Transportation Services\">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></div>\\n<p>In 2006, NASA announced that SpaceX had won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the ISS, with a possible contract option for crew transport.<sup id=\"cite_ref-187\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-187\">&#91;187&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SpaceX_presser_20060818_188-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SpaceX_presser_20060818-188\">&#91;188&#93;</a></sup> This contract, designed by NASA to provide \"seed money\" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX $396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX self-invested more than $500 million to develop the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-189\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-189\">&#91;189&#93;</a></sup> These <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement\" title=\"Space Act Agreement\">Space Act Agreements</a> have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development ~4-10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_92-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In December 2010, the launch of the <a href=\"/wiki/COTS_Demo_Flight_1\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"COTS Demo Flight 1\">COTS Demo Flight 1</a> mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft.<sup id=\"cite_ref-spaceflight_20101208_190-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-spaceflight_20101208-190\">&#91;190&#93;</a></sup> Dragon was successfully deployed into orbit, circled the Earth twice, and then made a controlled re-entry burn for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. With Dragon\\'s safe recovery, SpaceX became the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft; prior to this mission, only government agencies had been able to recover orbital spacecraft.\\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/COTS_Demo_Flight_2\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"COTS Demo Flight 2\">COTS Demo Flight 2</a> launched in May 2012, in which Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS, marking the first time that a private spacecraft had accomplished this feat.<sup id=\"cite_ref-191\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-191\">&#91;191&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-192\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-192\">&#91;192&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Commercial_cargo\">Commercial cargo</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26\" title=\"Edit section: Commercial cargo\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services\" title=\"Commercial Resupply Services\">Commercial Resupply Services</a></div>\\n<p>Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016.<sup id=\"cite_ref-COTSwon_193-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-COTSwon-193\">&#91;193&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-1\" title=\"SpaceX CRS-1\">SpaceX CRS-1</a>, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, before <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atmospheric re-entry\">re-entering the atmosphere</a> and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nasa20121028_194-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nasa20121028-194\">&#91;194&#93;</a></sup> CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX.<sup id=\"cite_ref-195\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-195\">&#91;195&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-196\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-196\">&#91;196&#93;</a></sup> After further extensions late in 2015, SpaceX is currently scheduled to fly a total of 20 missions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-197\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-197\">&#91;197&#93;</a></sup> A second phase of contracts (known as CRS2) were solicited and proposed in 2014. They were awarded in January 2016, for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024.\\n</p>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Commercial_crew\">Commercial crew</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27\" title=\"Edit section: Commercial crew\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_(16661791299).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_%2816661791299%29.jpg/220px-SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_%2816661791299%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_%2816661791299%29.jpg/330px-SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_%2816661791299%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_%2816661791299%29.jpg/440px-SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_%2816661791299%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:SpaceX_Dragon_v2_Pad_Abort_Vehicle_(16661791299).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Crew Dragon undergoing testing prior to flight</div></div></div>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development\" title=\"Commercial Crew Development\">Commercial Crew Development</a></div>\\n<p>The Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program intends to develop commercially operated spacecraft that are capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. SpaceX did not win a <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement\" title=\"Space Act Agreement\">Space Act Agreement</a> in the first round (CCDev 1), but during the second round (CCDev 2), NASA awarded SpaceX with a contract worth $75 million to further develop their <a href=\"/wiki/Launch_escape_system\" title=\"Launch escape system\">launch escape system</a>, test a crew accommodations mock-up, and to further progress their Falcon/Dragon crew transportation design.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Space_Abort_System_20111028_198-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Space_Abort_System_20111028-198\">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-199\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-199\">&#91;199&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-aw20110422_200-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aw20110422-200\">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup> The CCDev program later became Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (<a href=\"/wiki/CCiCap\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CCiCap\">CCiCap</a>), and in August 2012, NASA announced that SpaceX had been awarded $440 million to continue development and testing of its <a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_2\" title=\"Dragon 2\">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<sup id=\"cite_ref-August2012_201-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-August2012-201\">&#91;201&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-202\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-202\">&#91;202&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that will be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS. SpaceX won $2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts include at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon achieves NASA certification, the contract requires SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.<sup id=\"cite_ref-September2014_203-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-September2014-203\">&#91;203&#93;</a></sup> In early 2017, SpaceX was awarded four additional crewed missions to the ISS from NASA to shuttle astronauts back and forth.<sup id=\"cite_ref-204\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-204\">&#91;204&#93;</a></sup> In early 2019, SpaceX successfully conducted a test flight of Crew Dragon, which it docked (instead of Dragon 1\\'s method of berthing using Canadarm 2) and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"US_Defense_contracts\">US Defense contracts</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28\" title=\"Edit section: US Defense contracts\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<p>In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an <a href=\"/wiki/IDIQ\" title=\"IDIQ\">Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity</a> (IDIQ), allowing the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Air_Force\" title=\"United States Air Force\">United States Air Force</a> to purchase up to $100 million worth of launches from the company.<sup id=\"cite_ref-205\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-205\">&#91;205&#93;</a></sup> In April 2008, <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to $1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded. The contract covers launch services ordered by June 2010, for launches through December 2012.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA_presser_20080422_206-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA_presser_20080422-206\">&#91;206&#93;</a></sup> Musk stated in the same 2008 announcement that SpaceX has sold 14 contracts for flights on the various <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon (rocket family)\">Falcon</a> vehicles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA_presser_20080422_206-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA_presser_20080422-206\">&#91;206&#93;</a></sup> In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense\" title=\"United States Department of Defense\">United States Department of Defense</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Air_Force\" title=\"United States Air Force\">United States Air Force</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Space_and_Missile_Systems_Center\" title=\"Space and Missile Systems Center\">Space and Missile Systems Center</a> awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: <a href=\"/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory\" title=\"Deep Space Climate Observatory\">Deep Space Climate Observatory</a> (DSCOVR) and <a href=\"/wiki/Space_Test_Program_2\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Space Test Program 2\">Space Test Program 2</a> (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a> on 25 June 2019.<sup id=\"cite_ref-207\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-207\">&#91;207&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In May 2015, the United States Air Force announced that the <a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1\" title=\"Falcon 9 v1.1\">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> was certified for <a href=\"/wiki/National_Security_Space_Launch\" title=\"National Security Space Launch\">national security space launch</a>, which allows SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security.<sup id=\"cite_ref-208\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-208\">&#91;208&#93;</a></sup> This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by ULA over the US Air Force launches of classified payloads.<sup id=\"cite_ref-209\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-209\">&#91;209&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch, an $82.7 million contract to SpaceX to launch the 2nd <a href=\"/wiki/GPS_satellite_blocks#Block_III_satellites\" title=\"GPS satellite blocks\">GPS III</a> satellite in May 2018; this estimated cost was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-210\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-210\">&#91;210&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-211\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-211\">&#91;211&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-212\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-212\">&#91;212&#93;</a></sup> Prior to this, <a href=\"/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance\" title=\"United Launch Alliance\">United Launch Alliance</a> was the only provider certified to launch national security payloads.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fn20150527_213-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fn20150527-213\">&#91;213&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-fn20150527_213-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fn20150527-213\">&#91;213&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-wp20150536_214-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wp20150536-214\">&#91;214&#93;</a></sup> ULA did not submit a bid for the May 2018 launch.<sup id=\"cite_ref-215\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-215\">&#91;215&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-216\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-216\">&#91;216&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In 2016 the US <a href=\"/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office\" title=\"National Reconnaissance Office\">National Reconnaissance Office</a> said it had purchased launches from SpaceX - the first (for <a href=\"/wiki/NROL-76\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"NROL-76\">NROL-76</a>) took place on 1 May 2017.<sup id=\"cite_ref-217\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-217\">&#91;217&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In March 2017 SpaceX won (vs ULA) with a bid of  $96.5 million for the 3rd GPS III launch (due Feb 2019).<sup id=\"cite_ref-218\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-218\">&#91;218&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional $290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch three next-generation GPS satellites, known as GPS III. The first of these launches is expected to take place in March 2020.<sup id=\"cite_ref-219\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-219\">&#91;219&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In February 2019, SpaceX secured a $297 million contract from the US. Air Force to launch three national security missions, including AFSPC-44, <a href=\"/wiki/NROL-87\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"NROL-87\">NROL-87</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/NROL-85\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"NROL-85\">NROL-85</a>, all slated to launch NET FY 2021.<sup id=\"cite_ref-220\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-220\">&#91;220&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"International_contracts\">International contracts</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29\" title=\"Edit section: International contracts\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Kazakhstan\">Kazakhstan</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30\" title=\"Edit section: Kazakhstan\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\\n<p>SpaceX won a contract to launch two <a href=\"/wiki/Kazakhstan\" title=\"Kazakhstan\">Kazakhstan</a>\\'s satellites aboard the Falcon 9 launch rocket on a rideshare with other satellites. The takeoff was scheduled for November 19, 2018. According to the Kazakh Defence and Aerospace Ministry, the launch from SpaceX would cost the country $1.3 million.<sup id=\"cite_ref-221\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-221\">&#91;221&#93;</a></sup> The two small satellites are named KazSaySat and KazistiSat.<sup id=\"cite_ref-222\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-222\">&#91;222&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Launch_market_competition_and_pricing_pressure\">Launch market competition and pricing pressure</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31\" title=\"Edit section: Launch market competition and pricing pressure\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition\" title=\"Space launch market competition\">Space launch market competition</a></div>\\n<p>SpaceX\\'s low launch prices, especially for <a href=\"/wiki/Communication_satellite\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Communication satellite\">communication satellites</a> flying to <a href=\"/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit\" title=\"Geostationary transfer orbit\">geostationary</a> (GTO) orbit, have resulted in <a href=\"/wiki/Competition_(economics)\" title=\"Competition (economics)\">market pressure</a> on its competitors to lower their own prices.<sup id=\"cite_ref-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201_27-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-27\">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> Prior to 2013, the <a href=\"/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition\" title=\"Space launch market competition\">openly competed</a> comsat launch market had been dominated by <a href=\"/wiki/Arianespace\" title=\"Arianespace\">Arianespace</a> (flying <a href=\"/wiki/Ariane_5\" title=\"Ariane 5\">Ariane 5</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/International_Launch_Services\" title=\"International Launch Services\">International Launch Services</a> (flying <a href=\"/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)\" title=\"Proton (rocket family)\">Proton</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc20131203_223-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bbc20131203-223\">&#91;223&#93;</a></sup> With a published price of <span style=\"white-space: nowrap\">US$56.5 million</span> per launch to <a href=\"/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit\" title=\"Low Earth orbit\">low Earth orbit</a>, \"Falcon 9 rockets [were] already the cheapest in the industry. Reusable Falcon 9s could drop the price by an order of magnitude, sparking more space-based enterprise, which in turn would drop the cost of access to space still further through <a href=\"/wiki/Economies_of_scale\" title=\"Economies of scale\">economies of scale</a>.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-fp20131209_224-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fp20131209-224\">&#91;224&#93;</a></sup> SpaceX has publicly indicated that if they are successful with developing the <a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_rocket\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX reusable rocket\">reusable technology</a>, launch <a href=\"/wiki/Market_price\" title=\"Market price\">prices</a> in the <span style=\"white-space: nowrap\">US$5 to 7 million</span> range for the reusable Falcon 9 are possible.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ps20140114_225-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ps20140114-225\">&#91;225&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In 2014, SpaceX had won nine contracts out of 20 that were openly competed worldwide in 2014 at commercial launch service providers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20150112_226-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20150112-226\">&#91;226&#93;</a></sup> Space media reported that SpaceX had \"already begun to take market share\" from Arianespace.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20141120_227-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20141120-227\">&#91;227&#93;</a></sup> Arianespace has requested that European governments provide additional <a href=\"/wiki/Subsidy\" title=\"Subsidy\">subsidies</a> to face the competition from SpaceX.<sup id=\"cite_ref-aw20140211_228-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aw20140211-228\">&#91;228&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20140414_229-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20140414-229\">&#91;229&#93;</a></sup> European <a href=\"/wiki/Comparison_of_communication_satellite_operators\" title=\"Comparison of communication satellite operators\">satellite operators</a> are pushing the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Space_Agency\" title=\"European Space Agency\">ESA</a> to reduce <a href=\"/wiki/Ariane_5\" title=\"Ariane 5\">Ariane 5</a> and the future <a href=\"/wiki/Ariane_6\" title=\"Ariane 6\">Ariane 6</a> rocket launch prices as a result of competition from SpaceX. According to one <a href=\"/wiki/Arianespace\" title=\"Arianespace\">Arianespace</a> managing director in 2015, it was clear that \"a very significant challenge [was] coming from SpaceX ... Therefore things have to change ... and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalised and streamlined.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-smh20150519_230-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-smh20150519-230\">&#91;230&#93;</a></sup> Jean Botti, Director of innovation for <a href=\"/wiki/Airbus\" title=\"Airbus\">Airbus</a> (which makes the Ariane 5) warned that \"those who don\\'t take <a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> seriously will have a lot to worry about.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-231\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-231\">&#91;231&#93;</a></sup> In 2014, no commercial launches were booked to fly on the Russian <a href=\"/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)\" title=\"Proton (rocket family)\">Proton</a> rocket.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sn20150112_226-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sn20150112-226\">&#91;226&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>Also in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing began to affect the market for launch of US military payloads. For nearly a decade the large US launch provider <a href=\"/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance\" title=\"United Launch Alliance\">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA) had faced no competition for military launches.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lat20141125_232-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lat20141125-232\">&#91;232&#93;</a></sup> Without this competition, launch costs by the U.S. provider rose to over $400 million.<sup id=\"cite_ref-233\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-233\">&#91;233&#93;</a></sup> The ULA monopoly ended when SpaceX began to compete for national security launches. At a side-by-side comparison, SpaceX\\'s launch costs for commercial missions are considerably lower at $62&#160;million.<sup id=\"cite_ref-234\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-234\">&#91;234&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic military and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-235\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-235\">&#91;235&#93;</a></sup> To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dbj20141016_236-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dbj20141016-236\">&#91;236&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-lat20141212_237-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lat20141212-237\">&#91;237&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>In 2017, SpaceX had 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts, the estimate for 2018 is about 65% as of July 2018.<sup id=\"cite_ref-238\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-238\">&#91;238&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p><p>On January 11, 2019, SpaceX issued a statement announcing it would lay off 10% of its workforce, in order to help finance the <i>Starship</i> and Starlink projects.<sup id=\"cite_ref-239\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-239\">&#91;239&#93;</a></sup>\\n</p>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32\" title=\"Edit section: See also\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div class=\"div-col columns column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches\">List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars\" title=\"Colonization of Mars\">Colonization of Mars</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars\" title=\"Human mission to Mars\">Human mission to Mars</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_System\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Interplanetary Transport System\">Interplanetary Transport System</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/NewSpace\" title=\"NewSpace\">NewSpace</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Private_spaceflight\" title=\"Private spaceflight\">Private spaceflight</a></li></ul>\\n</div>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\\n<ol class=\"references\">\\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=CORP&amp;SearchCriteria=space+exploration&amp;SearchSubType=Keyword\">\"California Business Search (C2414622 - Space Exploration Technologies Corp)\"</a>. California Secretary of State<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=California+Business+Search+%28C2414622+-+Space+Exploration+Technologies+Corp%29&amp;rft.pub=California+Secretary+of+State&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesssearch.sos.ca.gov%2FCBS%2FSearchResults%3FSearchType%3DCORP%26SearchCriteria%3Dspace%2Bexploration%26SearchSubType%3DKeyword&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r886058088\">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:\"\\\\\"\"\"\\\\\"\"\"\\'\"\"\\'\"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Fred Lambert (November 17, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://electrek.co/2016/11/16/elon-musk-stake-spacex-tesla-shares/\">\"Elon Musk\\'s stake in SpaceX is actually worth more than his Tesla shares\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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We\\'re up to about 7,000 now. #NewSpaceEurope\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Shotwell%3A+I+was+the+7th+employee+at+SpaceX.+We%E2%80%99re+up+to+about+7%2C000+now.+%23NewSpaceEurope&amp;rft.date=2017-11-16&amp;rft.aulast=Foust&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjeff_foust%2Fstatus%2F931087032830582784&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16317111\">\"Gwynne Shotwell: Executive Profile &amp; Biography\"</a>. Bloomberg<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwynne+Shotwell%3A+Executive+Profile+%26+Biography&amp;rft.pub=Bloomberg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fprofile%2Fperson%2F16317111&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">W.J. Hennigan (June 7, 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/07/business/la-fi-himi-spacex-20130609\">\"How I Made It: SpaceX exec Gwynne Shotwell\"</a>. Los Angeles Times<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+I+Made+It%3A+SpaceX+exec+Gwynne+Shotwell&amp;rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.date=2013-06-07&amp;rft.au=W.J.+Hennigan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2013%2Fjun%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-himi-spacex-20130609&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation audio-visual\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdvv8qIl_WI#t=20sec\"><i>SpaceX Tour&#160;\\xe2\\x80\\x93 Texas Test Site</i></a>. spacexchannel. November 11, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SpaceX+Tour+%E2%80%93+Texas+Test+Site&amp;rft.pub=spacexchannel&amp;rft.date=2010-11-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dbdvv8qIl_WI%23t%3D20sec&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX_NASA_CRS-6_PressKit-2.pdf\">\"SpaceX NASA CRS-6 PressKit Site\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. 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New York Times<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 7,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Gwynne Shotwell says that SpaceX is now up to about 3,800 employees, counting contractors working for the company. ...  600 more people to hire in next couple months. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Independent+Review+Team+%5BIRT%5D+SpaceX+CRS-7+Accident+Investigation+Report+Public+Summary&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fpublic_summary_nasa_irt_spacex_crs-7_final.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/>  \"....the key technical finding by the IRT with regard to this failure was that it was due to a design error: SpaceX chose to use an industrial grade (as opposed to aerospace grade) 17-4 PH SS (precipitation-hardening stainless steel) cast part (the \\xe2\\x80\\x9cRod End\\xe2\\x80\\x9d) in a critical load path under cryogenic conditions and strenuous flight environments. 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Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.techscoop.in/2017/09/elon-musk-shares-look-of-full-body.html\">the original</a> on February 7, 2018.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TechScoop.in&amp;rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+Shares+the+Look+of+Full-body+SpaceX%E2%80%99s+Spacesuit&amp;rft.date=2017-09-09&amp;rft.aulast=Bhargav&amp;rft.aufirst=Sushant&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techscoop.in%2F2017%2F09%2Felon-musk-shares-look-of-full-body.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Martin, Sean (August 24, 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/845356/space-spacex-suit-elon-musk\">\"REVEALED: The space suit humans on SpaceX rockets will wear to get to MARS\"</a>. <i>Express.co.uk</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SpaceX+rocket+crashes+in+first+attempted+boat+landing&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft.date=2015-01-17&amp;rft.au=Jacob+Aron&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22530044-100-spacex-rocket-crashes-in-first-attempted-boat-landing%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Elon Musk (December 21, 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2015/12/21/background-tonights-launch\">\"Background on tonight\\'s launch\"</a>. SpaceX<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Background+on+tonight%27s+launch&amp;rft.pub=SpaceX&amp;rft.date=2015-12-21&amp;rft.au=Elon+Musk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F21%2Fbackground-tonights-launch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-crs84klanding-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-crs84klanding_134-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation audio-visual\">SpaceX (April 8, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYmQQn_ZSys\"><i>CRS-8 | First Stage Landing on Droneship</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CRS-8+%7C+First+Stage+Landing+on+Droneship&amp;rft.pub=YouTube&amp;rft.date=2016-04-08&amp;rft.au=SpaceX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsYmQQn_ZSys&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-crs8hostedlanding-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-crs8hostedlanding_135-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation audio-visual\">SpaceX (April 8, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pUAydjne5M&amp;t=26m58s\"><i>CRS-8 Dragon Hosted Webcast&#160;\\xe2\\x80\\x93 landing clip</i></a>. YouTube.  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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CRS-8+Dragon+Hosted+Webcast+%E2%80%93+landing+clip&amp;rft.pub=YouTube&amp;rft.date=2016-04-08&amp;rft.au=SpaceX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7pUAydjne5M%26t%3D26m58s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-sn20161005-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sn20161005_136-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Peter B. de Selding (October 5, 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://spacenews.com/spacexs-shotwell-on-falcon-9-inquiry-discounts-for-reused-rockets-and-silicon-valleys-test-and-fail-ethos/\">\"SpaceX\\'s Shotwell on Falcon 9 inquiry, discounts for reused rockets and Silicon Valley\\'s test-and-fail ethos\"</a>. SpaceNews<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SpaceX%E2%80%99s+Shotwell+on+Falcon+9+inquiry%2C+discounts+for+reused+rockets+and+Silicon+Valley%E2%80%99s+test-and-fail+ethos&amp;rft.pub=SpaceNews&amp;rft.date=2016-10-05&amp;rft.au=Peter+B.+de+Selding&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fspacexs-shotwell-on-falcon-9-inquiry-discounts-for-reused-rockets-and-silicon-valleys-test-and-fail-ethos%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331005543/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/spacex-launches-first-recycled-rocket-in-test-of-cost-cutting-model/article34513166/\">\"SpaceX launches first recycled rocket in test of cost-cutting model\"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/spacex-launches-first-recycled-rocket-in-test-of-cost-cutting-model/article34513166/\">the original</a> on March 31, 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lockheed-Boeing+rocket+venture+needs+commercial+orders+to+survive&amp;rft.pub=Yahoo&amp;rft.date=2015-05-21&amp;rft.au=Andrea+Shalal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Flockheed-boeing-rocket-venture-needs-commercial-orders-survive-205416832--finance.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-dbj20141016-236\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dbj20141016_236-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Greg Avery (December 14, 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/blog/boosters_bits/2014/10/exclusive-ula-plans-a-new-rocket-restructuring-to.html\">\"ULA plans new rocket, restructuring to cut launch costs in half\"</a>. Denver Business Journal<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=ULA+plans+new+rocket%2C+restructuring+to+cut+launch+costs+in+half&amp;rft.pub=Denver+Business+Journal&amp;rft.date=2014-12-14&amp;rft.au=Greg+Avery&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fdenver%2Fblog%2Fboosters_bits%2F2014%2F10%2Fexclusive-ula-plans-a-new-rocket-restructuring-to.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-lat20141212-237\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lat20141212_237-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Melody Petersen (October 16, 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-russian-rocket-ban-20141213-story.html\">\"Congress OKs bill banning purchases of Russian-made rocket engines\"</a>. LA Times<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Congress+OKs+bill+banning+purchases+of+Russian-made+rocket+engines&amp;rft.pub=LA+Times&amp;rft.date=2014-10-16&amp;rft.au=Melody+Petersen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-russian-rocket-ban-20141213-story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-238\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-238\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/as-the-spacex-steamroller-surges-european-rocket-industry-vows-to-resist/?amp=1\">\"As the SpaceX steamroller surges, European rocket industry vows to resist\"</a>. July 20, 2018<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=As+the+SpaceX+steamroller+surges%2C+European+rocket+industry+vows+to+resist&amp;rft.date=2018-07-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2F07%2Fas-the-spacex-steamroller-surges-european-rocket-industry-vows-to-resist%2F%3Famp%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n<li id=\"cite_note-239\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-239\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Wattles, Jackie (January 11, 2019). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/11/tech/spacex-layoffs/index.html\">\"SpaceX to lay off 10% of its workers\"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=SpaceX+to+lay+off+10%25+of+its+workers&amp;rft.date=2019-01-11&amp;rft.aulast=Wattles&amp;rft.aufirst=Jackie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F11%2Ftech%2Fspacex-layoffs%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088\"/></span>\\n</li>\\n</ol></div>\\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34\" title=\"Edit section: External links\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\\n<table role=\"presentation\" class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000\">\\n<tbody><tr>\\n<td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"30\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\" /></td>\\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SpaceX\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"commons:Category:SpaceX\">SpaceX</a></b></i>.</td></tr>\\n</tbody></table>\\n<table role=\"presentation\" class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" style=\"background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000\">\\n<tbody><tr>\\n<td class=\"mbox-image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"22\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\" /></td>\\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikinews has news related to:\\n<div style=\"margin-left: 10px;\"> <i><b><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:SpaceX\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikinews:Category:SpaceX\">SpaceX</a> </b></i> </div></td></tr>\\n</tbody></table>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"13\" height=\"16\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\" /></a> Quotations related to <a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/SpaceX\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikiquote:SpaceX\">SpaceX</a> at Wikiquote</li>\\n<li><span class=\"official-website\"><span class=\"url\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.spacex.com\">Official website</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://twitter.com/SpaceX\">SpaceX</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Twitter\" title=\"Twitter\">Twitter</a> &amp; <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk\">Elon Musk</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Twitter\" title=\"Twitter\">Twitter</a></li>\\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.instagram.com/spacex/\">SpaceX Instagram</a> &amp; <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.instagram.com/elonmusk/\">Musk\\'s Instagram</a></li>\\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/spacexchannel/videos\">SpaceX YouTube</a></li></ul>\\n<div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"SpaceX\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"3\"><div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:SpaceX\" title=\"Template:SpaceX\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:SpaceX\" title=\"Template talk:SpaceX\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SpaceX&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"SpaceX\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">SpaceX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"3\"><div id=\"History_of_SpaceX\"><a href=\"/wiki/History_of_SpaceX\" title=\"History of SpaceX\">History of SpaceX</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Vehicles</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Rockets\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Falcon (rocket family)\">Rockets</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Current</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9\" title=\"Falcon 9\">Falcon 9</a>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5\" title=\"Falcon 9 Block 5\">\"Full Thrust\" Block 5</a></li></ul></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy</a></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">In development</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Starship\" title=\"SpaceX Starship\">Starship</a>*</li>\\n<li>Super Heavy</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Retired</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1\" title=\"Falcon 1\">Falcon 1</a></li>\\n<li>Falcon 9\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0\" title=\"Falcon 9 v1.0\">v1.0</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1\" title=\"Falcon 9 v1.1\">v1.1</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust\" title=\"Falcon 9 Full Thrust\">\"Full Thrust\" v1.2&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; Block 4</a></li></ul></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Canceled</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1e\" title=\"Falcon 1e\">Falcon 1e</a>*</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_5\" title=\"Falcon 5\">Falcon 5</a>*</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/F9R_Dev2\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"F9R Dev2\">F9R Dev2</a>*</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_Air\" title=\"Falcon 9 Air\">Falcon 9 Air</a>*</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/ITS_launch_vehicle\" title=\"ITS launch vehicle\">ITS launch vehicle</a>*</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/BFR_(rocket)\" title=\"BFR (rocket)\">BFR</a>*</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Test vehicles</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Grasshopper_(rocket)\" title=\"Grasshopper (rocket)\">Grasshopper</a></i> (retired)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/F9R_Dev1\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"F9R Dev1\">F9R Dev1</a>\\xe2\\x80\\xa0 (destroyed)</li>\\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/DragonFly_(capsule)\" title=\"DragonFly (capsule)\">DragonFly</a></i> (retired)</li>\\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Starhopper\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starhopper\">Starhopper</a></i> (retired)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Starship#Starship_orbital_prototypes\" title=\"SpaceX Starship\">Starship Mk1</a>* (under construction)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Starship#Starship_orbital_prototypes\" title=\"SpaceX Starship\">Starship Mk2</a>* (under construction)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Spacecraft</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Cargo</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon\">Dragon</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Starship_cargo\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starship cargo\">Starship cargo</a>*</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Starship_tanker\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Starship tanker\">Starship tanker</a>*</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Crewed</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dragon_2\" title=\"Dragon 2\">Dragon 2</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Starship\" title=\"SpaceX Starship\">Starship</a>*</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Reusable hardware</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters\">First-stage boosters</a>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Individual_Falcon_9_boosters\" title=\"Category:Individual Falcon 9 boosters\">Individual booster articles</a></li></ul></li>\\n<li>Cargo capsules\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_C106\" title=\"SpaceX Dragon C106\">C106</a></li></ul></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class=\"navbox-image\" rowspan=\"9\" style=\"width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px\"><div><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX\"><img alt=\"SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/100px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"38\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/150px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/200px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"108\" data-file-height=\"41\" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX rocket engines\">Engines</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Kestrel_(rocket_engine)\" title=\"Kestrel (rocket engine)\">Kestrel</a> (retired)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Merlin (rocket engine family)\">Merlin</a> (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, Vacuum)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Draco_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Draco (rocket engine family)\">Draco</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SuperDraco\" title=\"SuperDraco\">SuperDraco</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)\" title=\"Raptor (rocket engine family)\">Raptor</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines#Methalox_thruster\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX rocket engines\">Methalox thruster</a>*</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Falcon_rocket_launches\" title=\"Template:Falcon rocket launches\">Missions</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_1#Launch_history\" title=\"Falcon 1\">Falcon 1 launches</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches\" title=\"List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches\">Falcon 9 launches</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy#Launches_and_payloads\" title=\"Falcon Heavy\">Falcon Heavy launches</a>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight\" title=\"Falcon Heavy test flight\">test flight</a></li></ul></li>\\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/DearMoon_project\" title=\"DearMoon project\">dearMoon project</a></i>*</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities\" title=\"SpaceX launch facilities\">Launch sites</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Orbital</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station\" title=\"Cape Canaveral Air Force Station\">Cape Canaveral</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(Florida)</span>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_40\" title=\"Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40\">CCAFS Launch Complex 40</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39A\" title=\"Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39\">Kennedy Launch Pad 39A</a></li></ul></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base\" title=\"Vandenberg Air Force Base\">Vandenberg</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(California)</span>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E\" title=\"Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 4\">Launch Complex 4E</a></li></ul></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll\" title=\"Kwajalein Atoll\">Kwajalein</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Marshall_Islands\" title=\"Marshall Islands\">Marshall Islands</a>)</span>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site\" title=\"Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site\">Omelek Island</a>\\xe2\\x80\\xa0</li></ul></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Atmospheric</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_rocket_development_and_test_facility,_McGregor,_Texas\" title=\"SpaceX launch facilities\">McGregor test site</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_high-altitude_test_facility,_New_Mexico\" title=\"SpaceX launch facilities\">New Mexico test site</a>\\xe2\\x80\\xa0</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas\" title=\"Brownsville, Texas\">Brownsville, Texas</a>\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_Launch_Site\" title=\"SpaceX South Texas Launch Site\">Boca Chica</a></li></ul></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Landing sites</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship\" title=\"Autonomous spaceport drone ship\">Autonomous spaceport drone ships</a></li>\\n<li>Landing Zones\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2\" title=\"Landing Zones 1 and 2\">LZ-1</a> at Cape Canaveral</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2\" title=\"Landing Zones 1 and 2\">LZ-2</a> at Cape Canaveral</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4W\" title=\"Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 4\">LZ-4</a> at Vandenberg</li></ul></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other facilities</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX#Headquarters_and_rocket_manufacturing_plant\" title=\"SpaceX\">Headquarters and factory</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Hawthorne,_California\" title=\"Hawthorne, California\">Hawthorne, California</a>)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility,_McGregor,_Texas\" title=\"SpaceX launch facilities\">Rocket development and test facility</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/McGregor,_Texas\" title=\"McGregor, Texas\">McGregor, Texas</a>)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_satellite_development_facility\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SpaceX satellite development facility\">Satellite development facility</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Redmond,_Washington\" title=\"Redmond, Washington\">Redmond, Washington</a>)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX#Regional_offices\" title=\"SpaceX\">Regional offices</a> (Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Contracts</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services\" title=\"Commercial Orbital Transportation Services\">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services\" title=\"Commercial Resupply Services\">Commercial Resupply Services</a> (CRS)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development\" title=\"Commercial Crew Development\">Commercial Crew Development</a> (CCDev)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_Crew_integrated_Capability\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Commercial Crew integrated Capability\">Commercial Crew integrated Capability</a> (CCiCap)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Research_and_development\" title=\"Research and development\">R&amp;D</a> programs</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program\" title=\"SpaceX reusable launch system development program\">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests\" title=\"Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests\">Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon\" title=\"SpaceX Red Dragon\">Red Dragon</a> (canceled)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_transportation_infrastructure\" title=\"SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure\">SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Starlink_(satellite_constellation)\" title=\"Starlink (satellite constellation)\">Starlink</a></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Key people</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a> (CEO, CTO)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell\" title=\"Gwynne Shotwell\">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (President and COO)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Mueller\" title=\"Tom Mueller\">Tom Mueller</a> (VP of Propulsion Development)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"3\"><div>* denotes unflown vehicles or engines and future missions or sites. \\xe2\\x80\\xa0 denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles and abandoned sites.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\\n<div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Elon_Musk\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk\" title=\"Template:Elon Musk\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk\" title=\"Template talk:Elon Musk\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Elon_Musk&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Elon_Musk\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk\" title=\"Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Companies</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Zip2\" title=\"Zip2\">Zip2</a> (1995\\xe2\\x80\\x931999)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/PayPal\" title=\"PayPal\">PayPal</a> (1999\\xe2\\x80\\x932002)</li>\\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">SpaceX</a> (2002\\xe2\\x80\\x93present)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.\" title=\"Tesla, Inc.\">Tesla, Inc.</a> (2004\\xe2\\x80\\x93present)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/SolarCity\" title=\"SolarCity\">SolarCity</a> (2006\\xe2\\x80\\x93present)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/OpenAI\" title=\"OpenAI\">OpenAI</a> (2015\\xe2\\x80\\x93present)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Neuralink\" title=\"Neuralink\">Neuralink</a> (2016\\xe2\\x80\\x93present)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Boring_Company\" title=\"The Boring Company\">The Boring Company</a> (2016\\xe2\\x80\\x93present)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other endeavors</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Hyperloop\" title=\"Hyperloop\">Hyperloop</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster\" title=\"Elon Musk&#39;s Tesla Roadster\">Tesla Roadster in space</a></li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Boring_Test_Tunnel\" title=\"Boring Test Tunnel\">Boring Test Tunnel</a></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Family</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Maye_Musk\" title=\"Maye Musk\">Maye Musk</a> (mother)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Justine_Musk\" title=\"Justine Musk\">Justine Musk</a> (first wife)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Talulah_Riley\" title=\"Talulah Riley\">Talulah Riley</a> (second wife)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kimbal_Musk\" title=\"Kimbal Musk\">Kimbal Musk</a> (brother)</li>\\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tosca_Musk\" title=\"Tosca Musk\">Tosca Musk</a> (sister)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">In culture</th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future\" title=\"Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future\">Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</a></i> (2015 biography)</li>\\n<li>\"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth\" title=\"The Musk Who Fell to Earth\">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>\" (<i>The Simpsons</i>, 2015)</li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"2\"><div><img alt=\"Category\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Category\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"36\" data-file-height=\"31\" /> <a href=\"/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk\" title=\"Category:Elon Musk\">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\\n<div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-labelledby=\"Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a> <a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\"><img alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: text-top\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" /></a></th><td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\"><div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\\n<ul><li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Bibsys\" title=\"Bibsys\">BIBSYS</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1490965463968\">1490965463968</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File\" title=\"Integrated Authority File\">GND</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1127363964\">1127363964</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier\" title=\"International Standard Name Identifier\">ISNI</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://isni.org/isni/0000000446721890\">0000 0004 4672 1890</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number\" title=\"Library of Congress Control Number\">LCCN</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2014023926\">no2014023926</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel\" title=\"National Library of Israel\">NLI</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://aleph.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NNL10&amp;find_code=SYS&amp;con_lng=eng&amp;request=004168873\">004168873</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"><a href=\"/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File\" title=\"Virtual International Authority File\">VIAF</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://viaf.org/viaf/306391200\">306391200</a></span></span></li>\\n<li><span class=\"nowrap\"> <a href=\"/wiki/WorldCat_Identities\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"WorldCat Identities\">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/306391200\">306391200</a></span></li></ul>\\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\\n<div class=\"noprint metadata navbox\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" style=\"font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em\"><ul style=\"margin:0.1em 0 0\"><li style=\"display:inline\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap\"><span style=\"margin:0 0.5em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:RocketSunIcon.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"RocketSunIcon.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/21px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"21\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/32px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"128\" /></a></span><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight\" title=\"Portal:Spaceflight\">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li><li style=\"display:inline\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap\"><span style=\"margin:0 0.5em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"LA Skyline Mountains2.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg/24px-LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"24\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg/36px-LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg/48px-LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"1880\" /></a></span><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Los_Angeles\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Portal:Los Angeles\">Los Angeles portal</a></span></li><li style=\"display:inline\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap\"><span style=\"margin:0 0.5em\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Industry5.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Industry5.svg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/21px-Industry5.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"21\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/32px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"512\" /></a></span><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Companies\" title=\"Portal:Companies\">Companies portal</a></span></li></ul></div>\\n<!-- \\nNewPP limit report\\nParsed by mw1271\\nCached time: 20191009104824\\nCache expiry: 3600\\nDynamic content: true\\nComplications: [vary\\xe2\\x80\\x90revision\\xe2\\x80\\x90sha1]\\nCPU time usage: 2.560 seconds\\nReal time usage: 2.941 seconds\\nPreprocessor visited node count: 13462/1000000\\nPreprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000\\nPost\\xe2\\x80\\x90expand include size: 484345/2097152 bytes\\nTemplate argument size: 12299/2097152 bytes\\nHighest expansion depth: 22/40\\nExpensive parser function count: 21/500\\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1/20\\nUnstrip post\\xe2\\x80\\x90expand size: 703215/5000000 bytes\\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400\\nLua time usage: 1.438/10.000 seconds\\nLua memory usage: 11.27 MB/50 MB\\nLua Profile:\\n    ?                                                                220 ms       14.5%\\n    recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:41>                                   200 ms       13.2%\\n    dataWrapper <mw.lua:662>                                         160 ms       10.5%\\n    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction                 100 ms        6.6%\\n    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::match                               80 ms        5.3%\\n    <mw.lua:684>                                                      80 ms        5.3%\\n    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::gsub                                80 ms        5.3%\\n    type                                                              80 ms        5.3%\\n    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity                           60 ms        3.9%\\n    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::find            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/></noscript></div>\\n\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t<div class=\"printfooter\">Retrieved from \"<a dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;oldid=920275141\">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;oldid=920275141</a>\"</div>\\n\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t<div id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\"><div id=\"mw-normal-catlinks\" class=\"mw-normal-catlinks\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Category\" title=\"Help:Category\">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:SpaceX\" title=\"Category:SpaceX\">SpaceX</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk\" title=\"Category:Elon Musk\">Elon Musk</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hawthorne,_California\" title=\"Category:Hawthorne, California\">Hawthorne, California</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Commercial_launch_service_providers\" title=\"Category:Commercial launch service providers\">Commercial launch service providers</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Private_spaceflight_companies\" title=\"Category:Private spaceflight companies\">Private spaceflight companies</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_manufacturers\" title=\"Category:Spacecraft manufacturers\">Spacecraft manufacturers</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hyperloop\" title=\"Category:Hyperloop\">Hyperloop</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_Greater_Los_Angeles_Area\" title=\"Category:Science and technology in the Greater Los Angeles Area\">Science and technology in the Greater Los Angeles Area</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_the_Greater_Los_Angeles_Area\" title=\"Category:Manufacturing companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area\">Manufacturing companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Technology_companies_based_in_the_Greater_Los_Angeles_Area\" title=\"Category:Technology companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area\">Technology companies based in the Greater Los Angeles 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title=\"\\xd8\\xb3\\xd8\\xa8\\xd9\\x8a\\xd8\\xb3 \\xd8\\xa5\\xd9\\x83\\xd8\\xb3 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Arabic\" lang=\"ar\" hreflang=\"ar\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd8\\xa7\\xd9\\x84\\xd8\\xb9\\xd8\\xb1\\xd8\\xa8\\xd9\\x8a\\xd8\\xa9</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-an\"><a href=\"https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Aragonese\" lang=\"an\" hreflang=\"an\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Aragon\\xc3\\xa9s</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ast\"><a href=\"https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Asturian\" lang=\"ast\" hreflang=\"ast\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Asturianu</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-az\"><a href=\"https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Azerbaijani\" lang=\"az\" hreflang=\"az\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Az\\xc9\\x99rbaycanca</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-azb\"><a href=\"https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3\" title=\"\\xd8\\xa7\\xdb\\x8c\\xd8\\xb3\\xd9\\xbe\\xd8\\xa6\\xdb\\x8c\\xd8\\xb3 \\xd8\\xa7\\xdb\\x8c\\xda\\xa9\\xd8\\xb3 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 South Azerbaijani\" lang=\"azb\" hreflang=\"azb\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd8\\xaa\\xdb\\x86\\xd8\\xb1\\xda\\xa9\\xd8\\xac\\xd9\\x87</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bn\"><a href=\"https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8\" title=\"\\xe0\\xa6\\xb8\\xe0\\xa7\\x8d\\xe0\\xa6\\xaa\\xe0\\xa7\\x87\\xe0\\xa6\\xb8 \\xe0\\xa6\\x8f\\xe0\\xa6\\x95\\xe0\\xa7\\x8d\\xe0\\xa6\\xb8 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Bangla\" lang=\"bn\" hreflang=\"bn\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xa6\\xac\\xe0\\xa6\\xbe\\xe0\\xa6\\x82\\xe0\\xa6\\xb2\\xe0\\xa6\\xbe</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan\"><a href=\"https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Chinese (Min Nan)\" lang=\"nan\" hreflang=\"nan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">B\\xc3\\xa2n-l\\xc3\\xa2m-g\\xc3\\xba</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-be\"><a href=\"https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Belarusian\" lang=\"be\" hreflang=\"be\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\x91\\xd0\\xb5\\xd0\\xbb\\xd0\\xb0\\xd1\\x80\\xd1\\x83\\xd1\\x81\\xd0\\xba\\xd0\\xb0\\xd1\\x8f</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bh\"><a href=\"https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xaa\\xe0\\xa5\\x87\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa4\\x8f\\xe0\\xa4\\x95\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Bhojpuri\" lang=\"bh\" hreflang=\"bh\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xa4\\xad\\xe0\\xa5\\x8b\\xe0\\xa4\\x9c\\xe0\\xa4\\xaa\\xe0\\xa5\\x81\\xe0\\xa4\\xb0\\xe0\\xa5\\x80</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg\"><a href=\"https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81\" title=\"\\xd0\\xa1\\xd0\\xbf\\xd0\\xb5\\xd0\\xb9\\xd1\\x81 \\xd0\\x95\\xd0\\xba\\xd1\\x81 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\x91\\xd1\\x8a\\xd0\\xbb\\xd0\\xb3\\xd0\\xb0\\xd1\\x80\\xd1\\x81\\xd0\\xba\\xd0\\xb8</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca\"><a href=\"https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Catalan\" lang=\"ca\" hreflang=\"ca\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Catal\\xc3\\xa0</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cv\"><a href=\"https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Chuvash\" lang=\"cv\" hreflang=\"cv\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\xa7\\xd3\\x91\\xd0\\xb2\\xd0\\xb0\\xd1\\x88\\xd0\\xbb\\xd0\\xb0</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cs\"><a href=\"https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Czech\" lang=\"cs\" hreflang=\"cs\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xc4\\x8ce\\xc5\\xa1tina</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cy\"><a href=\"https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Welsh\" lang=\"cy\" hreflang=\"cy\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Cymraeg</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-da\"><a href=\"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Danish\" lang=\"da\" hreflang=\"da\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Dansk</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de\"><a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Deutsch</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-et\"><a href=\"https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Estonian\" lang=\"et\" hreflang=\"et\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Eesti</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-el\"><a href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Greek\" lang=\"el\" hreflang=\"el\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xce\\x95\\xce\\xbb\\xce\\xbb\\xce\\xb7\\xce\\xbd\\xce\\xb9\\xce\\xba\\xce\\xac</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es\"><a href=\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Espa\\xc3\\xb1ol</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu\"><a href=\"https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Basque\" lang=\"eu\" hreflang=\"eu\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Euskara</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa\"><a href=\"https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3\" title=\"\\xd8\\xa7\\xd8\\xb3\\xd9\\xbe\\xdb\\x8c\\xd8\\xb3\\xe2\\x80\\x8c\\xd8\\xa7\\xda\\xa9\\xd8\\xb3 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd9\\x81\\xd8\\xa7\\xd8\\xb1\\xd8\\xb3\\xdb\\x8c</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr\"><a href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Fran\\xc3\\xa7ais</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko\"><a href=\"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4X\" title=\"\\xec\\x8a\\xa4\\xed\\x8e\\x98\\xec\\x9d\\xb4\\xec\\x8a\\xa4X \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xed\\x95\\x9c\\xea\\xb5\\xad\\xec\\x96\\xb4</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hy\"><a href=\"https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Armenian\" lang=\"hy\" hreflang=\"hy\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd5\\x80\\xd5\\xa1\\xd5\\xb5\\xd5\\xa5\\xd6\\x80\\xd5\\xa5\\xd5\\xb6</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hi\"><a href=\"https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xaa\\xe0\\xa5\\x87\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa4\\x8f\\xe0\\xa4\\x95\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Hindi\" lang=\"hi\" hreflang=\"hi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xa4\\xb9\\xe0\\xa4\\xbf\\xe0\\xa4\\xa8\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xa6\\xe0\\xa5\\x80</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hr\"><a href=\"https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Croatian\" lang=\"hr\" hreflang=\"hr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Hrvatski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id\"><a href=\"https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Indonesian\" lang=\"id\" hreflang=\"id\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-is\"><a href=\"https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Icelandic\" lang=\"is\" hreflang=\"is\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xc3\\x8dslenska</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it\"><a href=\"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Italiano</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he\"><a href=\"https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd7\\xa2\\xd7\\x91\\xd7\\xa8\\xd7\\x99\\xd7\\xaa</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ka\"><a href=\"https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Georgian\" lang=\"ka\" hreflang=\"ka\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe1\\x83\\xa5\\xe1\\x83\\x90\\xe1\\x83\\xa0\\xe1\\x83\\x97\\xe1\\x83\\xa3\\xe1\\x83\\x9a\\xe1\\x83\\x98</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kk\"><a href=\"https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Kazakh\" lang=\"kk\" hreflang=\"kk\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd2\\x9a\\xd0\\xb0\\xd0\\xb7\\xd0\\xb0\\xd2\\x9b\\xd1\\x88\\xd0\\xb0</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ku\"><a href=\"https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Kurdish\" lang=\"ku\" hreflang=\"ku\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Kurd\\xc3\\xae</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ky\"><a href=\"https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Kyrgyz\" lang=\"ky\" hreflang=\"ky\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\x9a\\xd1\\x8b\\xd1\\x80\\xd0\\xb3\\xd1\\x8b\\xd0\\xb7\\xd1\\x87\\xd0\\xb0</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lv\"><a href=\"https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Latvian\" lang=\"lv\" hreflang=\"lv\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Latvie\\xc5\\xa1u</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lb\"><a href=\"https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Luxembourgish\" lang=\"lb\" hreflang=\"lb\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">L\\xc3\\xabtzebuergesch</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lt\"><a href=\"https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Lithuanian\" lang=\"lt\" hreflang=\"lt\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Lietuvi\\xc5\\xb3</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-li\"><a href=\"https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Limburgish\" lang=\"li\" hreflang=\"li\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Limburgs</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu\"><a href=\"https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Magyar</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ml\"><a href=\"https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D\" title=\"\\xe0\\xb4\\xb8\\xe0\\xb5\\x8d\\xe0\\xb4\\xaa\\xe0\\xb5\\x87\\xe0\\xb4\\xb8\\xe0\\xb5\\x8d \\xe0\\xb4\\x8e\\xe0\\xb4\\x95\\xe0\\xb5\\x8d\\xe0\\xb4\\xb8\\xe0\\xb5\\x8d \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Malayalam\" lang=\"ml\" hreflang=\"ml\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xb4\\xae\\xe0\\xb4\\xb2\\xe0\\xb4\\xaf\\xe0\\xb4\\xbe\\xe0\\xb4\\xb3\\xe0\\xb4\\x82</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mr\"><a href=\"https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xaa\\xe0\\xa5\\x87\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa4\\x8f\\xe0\\xa4\\x95\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Marathi\" lang=\"mr\" hreflang=\"mr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xa4\\xae\\xe0\\xa4\\xb0\\xe0\\xa4\\xbe\\xe0\\xa4\\xa0\\xe0\\xa5\\x80</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf\"><a href=\"https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Mingrelian\" lang=\"xmf\" hreflang=\"xmf\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe1\\x83\\x9b\\xe1\\x83\\x90\\xe1\\x83\\xa0\\xe1\\x83\\x92\\xe1\\x83\\x90\\xe1\\x83\\x9a\\xe1\\x83\\xa3\\xe1\\x83\\xa0\\xe1\\x83\\x98</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ms\"><a href=\"https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Malay\" lang=\"ms\" hreflang=\"ms\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mn\"><a href=\"https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Mongolian\" lang=\"mn\" hreflang=\"mn\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\x9c\\xd0\\xbe\\xd0\\xbd\\xd0\\xb3\\xd0\\xbe\\xd0\\xbb</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl\"><a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Nederlands</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ne\"><a href=\"https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xaa\\xe0\\xa5\\x87\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8 \\xe0\\xa4\\x8f\\xe0\\xa4\\x95\\xe0\\xa5\\x8d\\xe0\\xa4\\xb8 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Nepali\" lang=\"ne\" hreflang=\"ne\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xa4\\xa8\\xe0\\xa5\\x87\\xe0\\xa4\\xaa\\xe0\\xa4\\xbe\\xe0\\xa4\\xb2\\xe0\\xa5\\x80</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja\"><a href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9X\" title=\"\\xe3\\x82\\xb9\\xe3\\x83\\x9a\\xe3\\x83\\xbc\\xe3\\x82\\xb9X \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe6\\x97\\xa5\\xe6\\x9c\\xac\\xe8\\xaa\\x9e</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-no\"><a href=\"https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Norwegian\" lang=\"no\" hreflang=\"no\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Norsk</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nn\"><a href=\"https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Norwegian Nynorsk\" lang=\"nn\" hreflang=\"nn\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-oc\"><a href=\"https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Occitan\" lang=\"oc\" hreflang=\"oc\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Occitan</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl\"><a href=\"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Polski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt\"><a href=\"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Portugu\\xc3\\xaas</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ro\"><a href=\"https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Romanian\" lang=\"ro\" hreflang=\"ro\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Rom\\xc3\\xa2n\\xc4\\x83</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru\"><a href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\xa0\\xd1\\x83\\xd1\\x81\\xd1\\x81\\xd0\\xba\\xd0\\xb8\\xd0\\xb9</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sco\"><a href=\"https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Scots\" lang=\"sco\" hreflang=\"sco\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Scots</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sq\"><a href=\"https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Albanian\" lang=\"sq\" hreflang=\"sq\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Shqip</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-simple\"><a href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Simple English\" lang=\"en-simple\" hreflang=\"en-simple\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Simple English</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sk\"><a href=\"https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Slovak\" lang=\"sk\" hreflang=\"sk\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Sloven\\xc4\\x8dina</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sl\"><a href=\"https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Slovenian\" lang=\"sl\" hreflang=\"sl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Sloven\\xc5\\xa1\\xc4\\x8dina</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sr\"><a href=\"https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81\" title=\"\\xd0\\xa1\\xd0\\xbf\\xd0\\xb5\\xd1\\x98\\xd1\\x81 \\xd0\\xb5\\xd0\\xba\\xd1\\x81 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Serbian\" lang=\"sr\" hreflang=\"sr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd0\\xa1\\xd1\\x80\\xd0\\xbf\\xd1\\x81\\xd0\\xba\\xd0\\xb8 / srpski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sh\"><a href=\"https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Serbo-Croatian\" lang=\"sh\" hreflang=\"sh\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Srpskohrvatski / \\xd1\\x81\\xd1\\x80\\xd0\\xbf\\xd1\\x81\\xd0\\xba\\xd0\\xbe\\xd1\\x85\\xd1\\x80\\xd0\\xb2\\xd0\\xb0\\xd1\\x82\\xd1\\x81\\xd0\\xba\\xd0\\xb8</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi\"><a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Suomi</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv\"><a href=\"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Svenska</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ta\"><a href=\"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81\" title=\"\\xe0\\xae\\x8e\\xe0\\xae\\x9a\\xe0\\xaf\\x81\\xe0\\xae\\xaa\\xe0\\xaf\\x87\\xe0\\xae\\x9a\\xe0\\xaf\\x81\\xe0\\xae\\x8e\\xe0\\xae\\x95\\xe0\\xaf\\x8d\\xe0\\xae\\x9a\\xe0\\xaf\\x81 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Tamil\" lang=\"ta\" hreflang=\"ta\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe0\\xae\\xa4\\xe0\\xae\\xae\\xe0\\xae\\xbf\\xe0\\xae\\xb4\\xe0\\xaf\\x8d</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th\"><a href=\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C\" 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title=\"\\xd8\\xa8\\xd9\\x88\\xd8\\xb4\\xd9\\x84\\xdb\\x87\\xd9\\x82 \\xd8\\xa6\\xdb\\x95\\xd9\\x83\\xd9\\x89\\xd8\\xb3 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Uyghur\" lang=\"ug\" hreflang=\"ug\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xd8\\xa6\\xdb\\x87\\xd9\\x8a\\xd8\\xba\\xdb\\x87\\xd8\\xb1\\xda\\x86\\xdb\\x95 / Uyghurche</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi\"><a href=\"https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Ti\\xe1\\xba\\xbfng Vi\\xe1\\xbb\\x87t</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu\"><a href=\"https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Wu Chinese\" lang=\"wuu\" hreflang=\"wuu\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">\\xe5\\x90\\xb4\\xe8\\xaf\\xad</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-yo\"><a href=\"https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX\" title=\"SpaceX \\xe2\\x80\\x93 Yoruba\" lang=\"yo\" hreflang=\"yo\" 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      "});});SpaceXFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article is about the rocket manufacturer. For the British art gallery, seeSpaceX (art gallery).\"Space exploration technologies\" redirects here. For an article outlining space technology, seeoutline of space technology.American aerospace companySpace Exploration Technologies Corp.SpaceX Headquarters during Iridium-4 launch operations, December 2017TypePrivateIndustryAerospaceFoundedMay 6, 2002; 17 years ago(2002-05-06)[1]HeadquartersHawthorne, California,U.S.33°55′15″N118°19′40″W﻿ / ﻿33.9207°N 118.3278°W﻿ /33.9207; -118.3278Coordinates:33°55′15″N118°19′40″W﻿ / ﻿33.9207°N 118.3278°W﻿ /33.9207; -118.3278Key peopleElon Musk(Founder,CEOandCTO)Gwynne Shotwell(PresidentandCOO)ProductsFalcon launch vehiclesDragon capsulesMerlin,RaptorandKestrelrocket enginesASDS landing platformsServicesOrbitalrocket launchOwnerElon Musk Trust(54% equity; 78% voting control)[2]Number of employeesEst. 7,000[3](November 2017)Websitewww.spacex.comFootnotes / references[4][5][6][7]Space Exploration Technologies Corp.,doing business asSpaceX, is aprivateAmericanaerospace manufacturerandspace transportationservices company headquartered inHawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 byElon Muskwith the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable thecolonization of Mars.[8][9][10]SpaceX has developed theFalconlaunch vehicle family and theDragonspacecraft family.SpaceX's achievements include the first privately fundedliquid-propellant rocketto reach orbit (Falcon 1in 2008),[11]the first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft (Dragonin 2010), the first private company to send a spacecraft to theInternational Space Station(Dragon in 2012),[12]the firstpropulsive landingfor an orbital rocket (Falcon 9in 2015), the first reuse of an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in 2017), and the first private company to launch an object intoorbit around the sun(Falcon Heavy's payload of aTesla Roadsterin 2018). SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station (ISS) under a partnership withNASA.[13]NASA also awarded SpaceXa further development contractin 2011 to develop and demonstrate ahuman-ratedDragon, which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth.[14]SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of itsCrew Dragonspacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight on March 2, 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Crew Dragon later in 2019.[15]On 11 March at 8:45 a.m. EST, the SpaceX Crew Dragon completed its first uncrewed flight that splash-landed in the Atlantic. The flight namedCrew Dragon Demo-1has demonstrated the Crew Dragon's ability to safely transport crew to ISS and back.[16]SpaceX reusable launch system development program: in December 2015, aFalcon 9successfully accomplished a propulsivevertical landing. This was the first such achievement by a rocket fororbital spaceflight.[17]In April 2016, with the launch ofCRS-8, SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an oceandrone shiplanding platform.[18]In May 2016, in another first, SpaceX again landed the first stage, but during a significantly more energeticgeostationary transfer orbitmission.[19]In March 2017, SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket.[20]In September 2016, CEOElon Muskunveiled theInterplanetary Transport System, a privately funded initiative to develop spaceflight technology for use in crewedinterplanetary spaceflight. In 2017, Musk unveiled an updated configuration of the system, now namedStarship and Super Heavy, which is planned to be fully reusable and will be the largest rocket ever on its debut, currently scheduled for the early 2020s.[21][22]Contents1History1.1Goals1.2Achievements1.3Setbacks1.4Ownership, funding and valuation2Hardware2.1Launch vehicles2.2Rocket engines2.3Spacecraft3Research and development3.1Reusable launch system3.2Interplanetary Transport System / BFR / Starship3.3Other projects4Infrastructure4.1Headquarters, manufacturing and refurbishment facilities4.2Development and test facilities4.3Launch facilities4.3.1Cape Canaveral4.3.2Vandenberg4.3.3Kennedy Space Center4.3.4Brownsville4.4Satellite prototyping facility5Launch contracts5.1NASA contracts5.1.1COTS5.1.2Commercial cargo5.1.3Commercial crew5.2US Defense contracts5.3International contracts5.3.1Kazakhstan6Launch market competition and pricing pressure7See also8References9External linksHistory[edit]Main article:History of SpaceXSpaceX employees with the Dragon capsule at SpaceX HQ in Hawthorne, California, February 2015In 2001,Elon MuskconceptualizedMars Oasis, a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse and growplantson Mars. \"This would be the furthest that life’s ever traveled\"[23]in an attempt to regain public interest in space exploration and increase thebudget of NASA.[24][25][26]Musk tried to buy cheap rockets from Russia but returned empty-handed after failing to find rockets for an affordable price.[27][28]On the flight home, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed.[28]According to earlyTeslaand SpaceX investorSteve Jurvetson,[29]Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only three percent of the sales price of a rocket at the time. By applyingvertical integration,[27]producing around 85% of launch hardware in-house,[30][31]and the modular approach from software engineering, SpaceX could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a 70%gross margin.[32]Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1In early 2002, Musk was seeking staff for his new space company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached rocket engineerTom Mueller(later SpaceX's CTO of Propulsion) and Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born.[33]SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse inEl Segundo, California. The company grew rapidly, from 160 employees in November 2005 to 1,100 in 2010,[34][35]3,800 employees and contractors by October 2013,[36]nearly 5,000 by late 2015,[37][38]and about 6,000 in April 2017.[39]As of November 2017[update], the company had grown to nearly 7,000.[3]In 2016, Musk gave a speech at theInternational Astronautical Congress, where he explained that the US government regulates rocket technology as an \"advanced weapon technology\", making it difficult to hire non-Americans.[40]Falcon 9 rocket's first stage on the landing pad after the second successful vertical landing of an orbital rocket stage, OG2 Mission.As of March 2018, SpaceX had over 100 launches on its manifest representing about $12 billion in contract revenue.[41]The contracts included both commercial andgovernment(NASA/DOD) customers.[42]In late 2013, space industry media quoted Musk's comments on SpaceX \"forcing…increased competitiveness in the launch industry,\" its major competitors in the commercialcomsatlaunch market beingArianespace,United Launch Alliance, andInternational Launch Services.[43]At the same time, Musk also said that the increased competition would \"be a good thing for the future of space.\" Currently, SpaceX is the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches.[44]Falcon 9 first stage on an ASDS barge after the first successful landing at sea, CRS-8 Mission.Goals[edit]Musk has stated that one of his goals is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access tospace, ultimately by a factor of ten.[45]CEOElon Musksaid: \"I believe $500 per pound ($1,100/kg) or less is very achievable.\"[46]Falcon Heavy Rocket on Launch Pad 39-A inCape Canaveral, FloridaA major goal of SpaceX has been to develop arapidly reusable launch system. As of March 2013[update], the publicly announced aspects of this technology development effort include an active test campaign of the low-altitude, low-speedGrasshoppervertical takeoff, vertical landing(VTVL) technology demonstrator rocket,[47][48][49]and a high-altitude, high-speedFalcon 9post-mission booster return test campaign. In 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first orbital rocket stage on December 21.In 2017, SpaceX formed asubsidiary,The Boring Company,[50]and began work to construct a short underground test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, utilizing a small number of SpaceX employees,[51]which was completed in May 2018,[52][53]and opened to the public in December 2018.[54]During 2018, The Boring Company wasspun outinto a separatecorporate entitywith 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk.[54]At the 2017 International Astronautical Congress inAdelaide, Australia, Musk announced his plans to build large spaceships to reach Mars.[55]Using the BFR, Musk plans to land at least two uncrewed cargo ships to Mars in 2022. The first missions will be used to seek out sources of water and build a propellant plant. In 2024, Musk plans to fly four additional ships to Mars including the first people. From there, additional missions would work to establish a Mars colony.[9][56]Musk's advocacy for the long-term settlement of Mars, goes far beyond what SpaceX projects to build;[57][58][59]a successful colonization would ultimately involve many more economic actors—whether individuals, companies, or governments—to facilitate the growth of the human presence on Mars over many decades.[60][61][62]Achievements[edit]SpaceX is defined as a private space company and thus its achievements can be counted as firsts by a private company. Overall achievements include most notably reuse and cost reduction in the spacelaunch industry. Landmark achievements of SpaceX in chronological order include:[63]The first privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit (Falcon 1 flight 4on September 28, 2008)The first privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit (RazakSATon Falcon 1 flight 5 on July 14, 2009)The first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft (Dragon capsuleonCOTS demo flight 1on December 9, 2010)The first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station (Dragon C2+on May 25, 2012)The first private company to send a satellite into geosynchronous orbit (SES-8on Falcon 9 flight 7 on December 3, 2013)The first landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on land (Falcon 9 flight 20on December 22, 2015)The first landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on an ocean platform (Falcon 9 flight 23on April 8, 2016)The first relaunch and landing of a used orbital rocket stage (B1021onFalcon 9 flight 32on March 30, 2017)[64]The first controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing (Falcon 9 flight 32 on March 30, 2017)[65]The first reflight of a commercial cargo spacecraft. (Dragon C106onCRS-11mission on June 3, 2017)[66]The first private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to space (Crew Dragon Demo-1, on Falcon 9 flight 69on March 2, 2019) and the first private company to autonomously dock a spacecraft to the International Space Station (same flight on March 3, 2019)[67]First company using a full flow staged combustion cycle engine (Raptor) in free flying vehicle (Starhopper, multiple test in 2019).Setbacks[edit]In March 2013, aDragon spacecraftinorbitdeveloped issues with its thrusters that limited its control capabilities. SpaceX engineers were able to remotely clear the blockages within a short period, and the spacecraft was able to successfully complete its mission to and from theInternational Space Station.In late June 2015,CRS-7launched aDragoncapsule atop aFalcon 9to resupply theInternational Space Station. Alltelemetryreadings were nominal until 2 minutes and 19 seconds into the flight, when a loss of helium pressure was detected and a cloud of vapor appeared outside the second stage. A few seconds after this, the second stage exploded. The first stage continued to fly for a few seconds before disintegrating due toaerodynamic forces. The capsule was thrown off and survived the explosion, transmitting data until it was destroyed on impact.[68]Later it was revealed that the capsule could have landed intact if it hadsoftwareto deploy its parachutes in case of a launch mishap.[69]The problem was discovered to be a failed 2-foot-long steel strut purchased from a supplier[70]to hold aheliumpressure vesselthat broke free due to the force ofacceleration.[71]This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure. TheDragonsoftware issue was also fixed in addition to an analysis of the entire program in order to ensure proper abort mechanisms are in place for future rockets and their payload.[72]In early September 2016, a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launchstatic fire test.[73][74]The payload, theSpacecomAmos-6communications satellite valued at $200 million, was destroyed.[75]Musk described the event as the \"most difficult and complex failure\" in SpaceX's history; SpaceX reviewed nearly 3,000 channels of telemetry and video data covering a period of 35–55 milliseconds for the postmortem.[76]Musk reported that the explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited withcarbon compositehelium vessels.[77]Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017.[78]On 28 June 2019, SpaceX announced that it had lost contact with three of the 60satellitesmaking up the Starlinkmegaconstellation. The dysfunctional satellites' orbits are expected to slowly decay until they disintegrate in theatmosphere.[79]However, the rate of failure for satellites in megaconstellations consisting of thousands of satellites has raised concerns that theseconstellationscould litter theEarth's lower orbit, with serious detrimental consequences for futurespace flights.[80]Ownership, funding and valuation[edit]In August 2008, SpaceX accepted a $20 million investment fromFounders Fund.[81]In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of the company were owned by its founder[82]and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth $875 million onprivate markets,[83]which roughly valued SpaceX at $1.3 billion as of February 2012.[84]After theCOTS 2+flight in May 2012, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to $2.4 billion.[85][86]In January 2015, SpaceX raised $1 billion in funding fromGoogleandFidelity, in exchange for 8.333% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately $12 billion. Google and Fidelity joined prior investors Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Founders Fund, Valor Equity Partners and Capricorn.[87][88]In July 2017, the Company raised US$350m at a valuation of US$21 billion.[89]As of May 2012[update], SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion in its first ten years of operation. Of this, private equity provided about $200M, with Musk investing approximately $100M and other investors having put in about $100M (Founders Fund,Draper Fisher Jurvetson, etc.).[90]The remainder has come from progress payments on long-term launch contracts and development contracts. By March 2018, SpaceX had contracts for 100 launch missions, and each of those contracts provide down payments at contract signing, plus many are paying progress payments as launch vehicle components are built in advance of mission launch, driven in part by US accounting rules forrecognizing long-term revenue.[42]@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.mw-graph{min-width:auto!important;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:visible}}.mw-parser-output .mw-graph-img{width:inherit;height:inherit}Successful SpaceX launches by year[91]Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASASpace Act Agreementprocess of \"setting only ahigh-level requirementfor cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry\" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at substantially lower cost.  \"According toNASA'sown independently verified numbers, SpaceX’s development costs of both the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets were estimated at approximatelyUS$390 millionin total.  \"In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency aboutUS$4 billionto develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes\". The Falcon 9 launch system, with an estimated improvement at least four to ten times over traditional cost-plus contracting estimates, about $400 million vs. $4 billion in savings through the usage of Space Act Agreements.[92]In April 2019, the Wall Street Journal reported that SpaceX was raising another $500 million in funding.[93]In MaySpace Newsreported SpaceX \"raised $1.022 billion\" the day after SpaceX launched 60 Satellites towards their 12,000 satellite plan namedStarlink broadband constellation.[94][95]As of May 31, 2019, the value of SpaceX has risen to $33.3 billion.[96]In June 2019 SpaceX started to raise $300 million of investment, mostly from the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, which has $191.1 billion in assets under management.[97]Hardware[edit]Launch vehicles[edit]Main article:Launch vehicles of SpaceXThe landing of aFalcon 9 Block 5first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 –VTVLtechnologies are utilized in many of SpaceX's launch vehiclesFalcon 1was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low earth orbit.[98]It functioned as an early test-bed for developing concepts and components for the larger Falcon 9.[98]Falcon 1 attempted five flights between 2006 and 2009. With Falcon I, when Musk announced his plans for it before a subcommittee in the Senate in 2004, he discussed that Falcon I would be the 'worlds only  semi-reusable orbital rocket' apart from the space shuttle.[99]On September 28, 2008, on its fourth attempt, the Falcon 1 successfully reached orbit, becoming the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to do so.[100]Falcon 9is anEELV-classmedium-liftvehicle capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, and is intended to compete with theDelta IVand theAtlas Vrockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nineMerlinengines in its first stage.[101]TheFalcon 9 v1.0rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on June 4, 2010. Its third flight,COTS Demo Flight 2, launched on May 22, 2012, and was the firstcommercialspacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station.[102]The vehicle was upgraded toFalcon 9 v1.1in 2013 and again in 2015 to the currentFalcon 9 Full Thrustversion. As of February 2018[update], Falcon 9 vehicles have flown49 successful missionswith one failure, the CRS-7 mission. An additional vehicle was destroyed during a routine test several days prior to a scheduled launch in 2016.In 2011, SpaceX began development of theFalcon Heavy, aheavy-liftrocket configured using a cluster of three Falcon 9 first stagecoreswith a total 27Merlin 1Dengines andpropellant crossfeed.[103][104]The Falcon Heavy successfully flew on its inaugural mission on February 6, 2018 with a payload consisting of Musk's personalTesla Roadsterintoheliocentric orbit[105]The first stage would be capable of lifting 63,800 kilograms (140,660 lb) toLEOwith the 27 Merlin 1D engines producing 22,819kNof thrust at sea level, and 24,681 kN in space. At the time of its first launch, SpaceX described their Falcon Heavy as \"the world's most powerful rocket in operation\".[106]Rocket engines[edit]Main article:Rocket engines of SpaceXTheMerlin 1Dengine, SpaceX's most prolific engine, undergoing testing at SpaceX's Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, TexasSince the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed three families ofrocket engines—Merlinand the retiredKestrelforlaunch vehiclepropulsion, and theDracocontrol thrusters. SpaceX is currentlydevelopingtwo further rocket engines:SuperDracoandRaptor. SpaceX is currently the world's most prolific producer of liquid fuel rocket engines.[107]Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on itsFalcon rocket family. Merlin engines useLOXandRP-1as propellants in a gas-generator power cycle. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse. The injector at the heart of Merlin is of thepintletype that was first used in theApollo Programfor the lunar module landing engine. Propellants are fed via a single shaft, dual impellerturbo-pump. Kestrel is a LOX/RP-1pressure-fedrocket engine, and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine. It is built around the same pintle architecture as SpaceX's Merlin engine but does not have aturbo-pump, and is fed only bytank pressure. Its nozzle isablativelycooled in the chamber and throat, is alsoradiatively cooled, and is fabricated from a high strengthniobiumalloy. Both names for theMerlinandKestrelengines are derived from species of North American falcons: thekestreland themerlin.[108]Draco arehypergolicliquid-propellant rocket engines that utilizemonomethyl hydrazinefuelandnitrogen tetroxideoxidizer. Each Draco thruster generates 400 newtons (90 lbf) of thrust.[109]They are used asreaction control system(RCS) thrusters on theDragon spacecraft.[110]SuperDracoengines are a much more powerful version of the Draco thrusters, which were initially meant to be used as landing andlaunch escape systemengines on the version 2 Dragon spacecraft,Dragon 2. The concept of using retro-rockets for landing was scrapped in 2017 when it was decided to perform a traditional parachute descent andsplashdownat sea.[111]Raptoris a new family ofmethane-fueledfull flow staged combustion cycleengines to be used in its future Starship launch system.[112]Development versions were test fired in late 2016.[113]On April 3, 2019, SpaceX conducted a successful static fire test in Texas on itsStarhoppervehicle, which ignited the engine while the vehicle remained tethered to the ground.[114]On July 24, 2019 SpaceX conducted a successful test hop of 20 meters of its Starhopper test vehicle.[115]On the 28th August 2019 SpaceX's Starhopper prototype conducted a successful test hop of 150-meters.[116]Spacecraft[edit]SpaceX'sCrew Dragonspacecraft, designed to shuttle crew to and from the International Space Station as part of theCommercial Crew ProgramIn 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade.[117]The Dragon is a conventional blunt-cone ballistic capsule which is capable of carrying cargo or up to seven astronauts into orbit and beyond.[118][118]In 2006, NASA announced that the company was one of two selected to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the COTS program.[119]SpaceX demonstrated cargo resupply and eventually crew transportation services using the Dragon.[102]The first flight of a Dragon structural test article took place in June 2010, from Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station during the maiden flight of theFalcon 9launch vehicle; themock-upDragon lacked avionics, heat shield, and other key elements normally required of a fully operational spacecraft but contained all the necessary characteristics to validate the flight performance of the launch vehicle.[120]An operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboardCOTS Demo Flight 1, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives.[121]In 2012, Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station,[102]and has since been conducting regular resupply services to the ISS.[122]In April 2011, NASA issued a $75 million contract, as part of its second-roundcommercial crew development(CCDev) program, for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.[123]In August 2012, NASA awarded SpaceX a firm, fixed-priceSAAwith the objective of producing a detailed design of the entire crew transportation system. This contract includes numerous key technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions following system certification.[124]The fully autonomous Crew Dragon spacecraft is expected to be one of the safest crewed spacecraft systems. Reusable in nature, the Crew Dragon will offer savings to NASA.[124]SpaceX conducted a test of an empty Crew Dragon to ISS in early 2019, and later in the year they plan to launch a crewed Dragon which will send US astronauts to the ISS for the first time since the retirement of theSpace Shuttle.[125][126]In February 2017 SpaceX announced that two would-bespace touristshad put down \"significant deposits\" for a mission which would see the two tourists fly on board a Dragon capsule around the Moon and back again.In addition to SpaceX's privately funded plans for an eventualMars mission, NASAAmes Research Centerhad developed a concept calledRed Dragon: a low-cost Mars mission that would useFalcon Heavyas the launch vehicle and trans-Martian injection vehicle, and theDragon capsuletoentertheMartian atmosphere. The concept was originally envisioned for launch in 2018 as aNASA Discovery mission, then alternatively for 2022[127]The objectives of the mission would be return the samples from Mars to Earth at a fraction of the cost of the NASA own return-sample mission now projected at 6 billion dollars.[127][128]In September 2017,Elon Muskreleased first prototype images of their space suits to be used in future missions. The suit is in testing phase and it is designed to cope with 2 ATM pressure in vacuum.[129][130]The Crew Dragon spacecraft was first sent to space on March 2, 2019.Research and development[edit]First test firing of a scale Raptor development engine in September 2016 in McGregor, Texas.SpaceX is actively pursuing several differentresearch and developmentprograms. Most notable are those intended to develop reusable launch vehicles, an interplanetary transport system and a global telecommunications network.Reusable launch system[edit]Autonomous spaceport drone shipin position prior to Falcon 9 Flight 17 carrying CRS-6.Main articles:SpaceX reusable launch system development programandFalcon 9 first-stage landing testsSpaceX's reusable launcher program was publicly announced in 2011 and the design phase was completed in February 2012. The system returns thefirst stageof aFalcon 9rocket to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems.[131]SpaceX's active test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of thelandingtechnology.Grasshopperand the Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicles (F9R Dev) were experimentaltechnology-demonstratorreusable rocketsthat performed vertical takeoffs and landings.High-velocity, high-altitude aspects of theboosteratmospheric return technology began testing in late 2013 and have continued through 2018, with a 98% success rate todate. As a result of Elon Musk's goal of crafting more cost-effective launch vehicles, SpaceX conceived a method to reuse the first stage of their primary rocket, theFalcon 9,[132]by attempting propulsive vertical landings on solid surfaces. Once the company determined that soft landings were feasible by touching down over the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, they began landing attempts on a solid platform. SpaceX leased and modified several barges to sit out at sea as a target for the returning first stage, converting them toautonomous spaceport drone ships(ASDS). SpaceX first achieved asuccessful landing and recovery of a first stagein December 2015,[133]and in April 2016, the first stage booster first successfully landed on the ASDSOf Course I Still Love You.[134][135]SpaceX continues to carry out first stage landings on every orbital launch that fuel margins allow. By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a ten percent price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.[136]On March 30, 2017, SpaceX launched a \"flight-proven\" Falcon 9 for theSES-10 mission. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.[64][137]The first stage was recovered and landed on the ASDSOf Course I Still Love Youin the Atlantic Ocean, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket. Elon Musk called the achievement an \"incredible milestone in the history of space.\"[138][139]Interplanetary Transport System / BFR / Starship[edit]Artist's impression of theStarshipduring stage separationMain articles:SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructureandBFR (rocket)SpaceX is developing a super-heavy lift launch system,Starship-Super Heavy. Starship-Super Heavy is a fully reusable first stage launch vehicle and second stage + spacecraft intended to replace all of the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s; plus ground infrastructure for rapid launch and relaunch and zero-gravity propellant transfer technology inlow Earth orbit(LEO).SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameterITS launch vehicleconcept in 2016 which was solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses.  In 2017, SpaceX articulated a smaller 9-meter-diametervehicle architectureto replace all of SpaceX launch service provider capabilities—Earth-orbit, lunar-orbit, interplanetary missions, and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth—but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower cost structure.[140]Private passengerYusaku Maezawahas contracted tofly around the Moonin Starship-Super Heavy in 2023.[141][142][143]Musk's long term vision for the company is the development of technology and resources suitable for human colonization on Mars. He has expressed his interest in someday traveling to the planet, stating \"I'd like to die on Mars, just not on impact.\"[144]A rocket every two years or so could provide a base for the people arriving in 2025 after a launch in 2024.[145][146]According to Steve Jurvetson, Musk believes that by 2035 at the latest, there will be thousands of rockets flying a million people to Mars, in order to enable a self-sustaining human colony.[147]Other projects[edit]Main articles:Starlink (satellite constellation)andHyperloop pod competitionIn January 2015, SpaceX CEOElon Muskannounced the development ofa new satellite constellationto provide global broadband internet service. In June 2015 the company asked the federal government for permission to begin testing for a project that aims to build a constellation of 4,425 satellites capable of beaming the Internet to the entire globe, including remote regions which currently do not have Internet access.[148][149]The Internet service would use a constellation of 4,425 cross-linkedcommunications satellitesin 1,100 km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, the goal of the business is to increase profitability and cashflow, to allow SpaceX to build its Mars colony.[150]Development began in 2015, initial prototypetest-flightsatellites were launched on the SpaceX PAZ mission in 2017. Initial operation of the constellation could begin as early as 2020. As of March 2017[update], SpaceX filed with theUS regulatory authoritiesplans to field a constellation of an additional 7,518 \"V-bandsatellites in non-geosynchronous orbitsto provide communications services\" in an electromagnetic spectrum that had not previously been \"heavily employed for commercial communications services\". Called the \"V-band low-Earth-orbit (VLEO) constellation\", it would consist of \"7,518 satellites to follow the [earlier] proposed 4,425 satellites that would function inKa-andKu-band\".[151]In February 2019, SpaceX formed a sibling company,SpaceX Services, Inc., to license the manufacture and deployment of up to 1,000,000fixedsatellite earth stationsthat will communicate with its Starlink system.[152]In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, FL.[153]In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor aHyperloopcompetition, and would build a 1-mile-long (1.6 km)subscaletest track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events.[154][155]The first competitive event was held at the track in January 2017 and the second in August 2017.[156][157]And the third in December 2018.[158]Infrastructure[edit]The company's headquarters, located inHawthorne, California.SpaceX isheadquarteredin Hawthorne, California, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant. The company owns a test site in Texas and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional offices in Redmond, Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.[42]Headquarters, manufacturing and refurbishment facilities[edit]Falcon 9 v1.1rocket cores under construction at the SpaceX Hawthorne facility, November 2014.SpaceX Headquarters is located in theLos Angelessuburb ofHawthorne, California. The large three-story facility, originally built byNorthrop Corporationto buildBoeing 747fuselages,[159]houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and, as of 2018, all vehicle manufacturing. In March 2018, SpaceX indicated that it would manufacture its next-generation, 9 m (30 ft)-diameter launch vehicle, theBFRat a new facility it is building on theLos Angeleswaterfront in theSan Pedroarea. The company has leased an 18-acre site near Berth 240 in the Los Angeles port for 10 years, with multiple renewals possible, and will use the site for manufacturing, recovery from shipborne landings, and refurbishment of both the BFR booster and the BFR spaceship.[160][161]The area has one of the largest concentrations of aerospace headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., includingBoeing/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses,Aerospace Corp.,Raytheon, NASA'sJet Propulsion Laboratory,Air Force Space Command'sSpace and Missile Systems CenteratLos Angeles Air Force Base,Lockheed Martin,BAE Systems,Northrop Grumman, andAECOM, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates.[159]SpaceX utilizes a high degree ofvertical integrationin the production of its rockets and rocket engines.[27]SpaceX builds itsrocket engines,rocket stages,spacecraft, principalavionicsand allsoftwarein-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the aerospace industry. Nevertheless, SpaceX still has over 3,000 suppliers with some 1,100 of those delivering to SpaceX nearly weekly.[162]In June 2017, SpaceX announced they would construct a facility on 0.88 hectares (2.17 acres) inPort CanaveralFlorida for refurbishment and storage of previously flown Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy booster cores.[163][needs update]Development and test facilities[edit]SpaceX McGregor engine test bunker, September 2012Main article:SpaceX Rocket Development and Test FacilitySpaceX operates their first Rocket Development and Test Facility inMcGregor, Texas. All SpaceX rocket engines are tested onrocket test stands, and low-altitudeVTVLflight testing of the Falcon 9Grasshopperv1.0 andF9R Dev1test vehicles in 2013–2014 were carried out at McGregor.  2019 low-altitude VTVL testing of the much larger 9-meter (30 ft)-diameter\"Starhopper\"is planned to occur at theSpaceX South Texas Launch SitenearBrownsville, Texas, which is currently under construction.[164][165][166]On January 23, 2019, strong winds at the Texas test launch site blew over the nose cone over the first test article rocket, causing delays that will take weeks to repair according to SpaceX representatives.[167]In the event, SpaceX decided to forego building another nose cone for the first test article, because at the low velocities planned for that rocket, it was unnecessary.The company purchased the McGregor facilities fromBeal Aerospace, where it refitted the largest test stand forFalcon 9engine testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since purchase, and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland. In 2011, the company announced plans to upgrade the facility for launch testing a VTVL rocket,[47]and then constructed a half-acre concrete launch facility in 2012 to support the Grasshopper test flight program.[48]As of October 2012[update], the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated \"18 hours a day, six days a week\"[168]and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a largemanifestin the next several years.[needs update]In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse in future missions.Launch facilities[edit]Main article:SpaceX launch facilitiesSpaceX west coast launch facility atVandenberg Air Force Base, during the launch of CASSIOPE, September 2013.SpaceX currently operates threeorbitallaunch sites, atCape Canaveral,Vandenberg Air Force Base, andKennedy Space Center, and is under construction on a fourth in Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad.[169]The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination, up to 51.6°.[170]Before it was retired, allFalcon 1launches took place at theRonald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test SiteonOmelek Island.Cape Canaveral[edit]Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40(SLC-40) is used for Falcon 9 launches to low Earth and geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX's booster reusability program, the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamedLanding Zone 1, has been designated for use for Falcon 9first-stage booster landings.Falcon 9 Flight 20landing onLanding Zone 1in December 2015Vandenberg[edit]Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 4 East(SLC-4E) is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy,[171]but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4, where SpaceX successfully landed one Falcon 9 first-stage booster, in October 2018.[172]Kennedy Space Center[edit]On April 14, 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease forLaunch Pad 39A.[173]The pad was subsequently modified to supportFalcon 9andFalcon Heavylaunches. SpaceX has launched 13 Falcon 9 missions fromLaunch Pad 39Aand more recently theFalcon HeavyRocket, on April 11, 2019.[174][175]SpaceX intends to launch the first crewed missions to the ISS fromLaunch Pad 39Ain 2019.[176]Brownsville[edit]In August 2014, SpaceX announced they would be building acommercial-only launch facilityatBrownsville, Texas.[177][178]TheFederal Aviation Administrationreleased a draftEnvironmental Impact Statementfor the proposed Texas facility in April 2013, and \"found that 'no impacts would occur' that would force the Federal Aviation Administration to deny SpaceX a permit for rocket operations,\"[179][179]and issued the permit in July 2014.[180]SpaceX started construction on the new launch facility in 2014 with production ramping up in the latter half of 2015,[181]with the firstsuborbitallaunches from the facility in 2019.[164][165][182]Real estate packages at the location have been named by SpaceX with names based on the theme \"Mars Crossing\".[183][184]Satellite prototyping facility[edit]Further information:Starlink (satellite constellation)In January 2015, SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 square foot (2800m2)  office building located in Redmond, Washington. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 square feet (3800m2)  and has become a research and development lab for the satellites.[185]In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 740 square meters (8,000 sq ft) creative space inIrvine, California(Orange County) to focus on satellite communications.[186]Launch contracts[edit]Further information:List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launchesSpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts fromNASAfor theInternational Space Station(ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified forUS militarylaunches ofEvolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over $12B under contract.[42]NASA contracts[edit]COTS[edit]The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to the ISS byCanadarm2.Main article:Commercial Orbital Transportation ServicesIn 2006, NASA announced that SpaceX had won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the ISS, with a possible contract option for crew transport.[187][188]This contract, designed by NASA to provide \"seed money\" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX $396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX self-invested more than $500 million to develop the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.[189]TheseSpace Act Agreementshave been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development ~4-10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone.[92]In December 2010, the launch of theCOTS Demo Flight 1mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft.[190]Dragon was successfully deployed into orbit, circled the Earth twice, and then made a controlled re-entry burn for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. With Dragon's safe recovery, SpaceX became the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft; prior to this mission, only government agencies had been able to recover orbital spacecraft.COTS Demo Flight 2launched in May 2012, in which Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS, marking the first time that a private spacecraft had accomplished this feat.[191][192]Commercial cargo[edit]Main article:Commercial Resupply ServicesCommercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016.[193]SpaceX CRS-1, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, beforere-entering the atmosphereand splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.[194]CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX.[195][196]After further extensions late in 2015, SpaceX is currently scheduled to fly a total of 20 missions.[197]A second phase of contracts (known as CRS2) were solicited and proposed in 2014. They were awarded in January 2016, for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024.Commercial crew[edit]Crew Dragon undergoing testing prior to flightMain article:Commercial Crew DevelopmentThe Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program intends to develop commercially operated spacecraft that are capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. SpaceX did not win aSpace Act Agreementin the first round (CCDev 1), but during the second round (CCDev 2), NASA awarded SpaceX with a contract worth $75 million to further develop theirlaunch escape system, test a crew accommodations mock-up, and to further progress their Falcon/Dragon crew transportation design.[198][199][200]The CCDev program later became Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap), and in August 2012, NASA announced that SpaceX had been awarded $440 million to continue development and testing of itsDragon 2spacecraft.[201][202]In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that will be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS. SpaceX won $2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts include at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon achieves NASA certification, the contract requires SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.[203]In early 2017, SpaceX was awarded four additional crewed missions to the ISS from NASA to shuttle astronauts back and forth.[204]In early 2019, SpaceX successfully conducted a test flight of Crew Dragon, which it docked (instead of Dragon 1's method of berthing using Canadarm 2) and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.US Defense contracts[edit]In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded anIndefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity(IDIQ), allowing theUnited States Air Forceto purchase up to $100 million worth of launches from the company.[205]In April 2008,NASAannounced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to $1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded. The contract covers launch services ordered by June 2010, for launches through December 2012.[206]Musk stated in the same 2008 announcement that SpaceX has sold 14 contracts for flights on the variousFalconvehicles.[206]In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with theUnited States Department of Defense. TheUnited States Air ForceSpace and Missile Systems Centerawarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions:Deep Space Climate Observatory(DSCOVR) andSpace Test Program 2(STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on aFalcon 9launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on aFalcon Heavyon 25 June 2019.[207]In May 2015, the United States Air Force announced that theFalcon 9 v1.1was certified fornational security space launch, which allows SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security.[208]This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by ULA over the US Air Force launches of classified payloads.[209]In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch, an $82.7 million contract to SpaceX to launch the 2ndGPS IIIsatellite in May 2018; this estimated cost was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.[210][211][212]Prior to this,United Launch Alliancewas the only provider certified to launch national security payloads.[213][213][214]ULA did not submit a bid for the May 2018 launch.[215][216]In 2016 the USNational Reconnaissance Officesaid it had purchased launches from SpaceX - the first (forNROL-76) took place on 1 May 2017.[217]In March 2017 SpaceX won (vs ULA) with a bid of  $96.5 million for the 3rd GPS III launch (due Feb 2019).[218]In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional $290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch three next-generation GPS satellites, known as GPS III. The first of these launches is expected to take place in March 2020.[219]In February 2019, SpaceX secured a $297 million contract from the US. Air Force to launch three national security missions, including AFSPC-44,NROL-87, andNROL-85, all slated to launch NET FY 2021.[220]International contracts[edit]Kazakhstan[edit]SpaceX won a contract to launch twoKazakhstan's satellites aboard the Falcon 9 launch rocket on a rideshare with other satellites. The takeoff was scheduled for November 19, 2018. According to the Kazakh Defence and Aerospace Ministry, the launch from SpaceX would cost the country $1.3 million.[221]The two small satellites are named KazSaySat and KazistiSat.[222]Launch market competition and pricing pressure[edit]Main article:Space launch market competitionSpaceX's low launch prices, especially forcommunication satellitesflying togeostationary(GTO) orbit, have resulted inmarket pressureon its competitors to lower their own prices.[27]Prior to 2013, theopenly competedcomsat launch market had been dominated byArianespace(flyingAriane 5) andInternational Launch Services(flyingProton).[223]With a published price ofUS$56.5 millionper launch tolow Earth orbit, \"Falcon 9 rockets [were] already the cheapest in the industry. Reusable Falcon 9s could drop the price by an order of magnitude, sparking more space-based enterprise, which in turn would drop the cost of access to space still further througheconomies of scale.\"[224]SpaceX has publicly indicated that if they are successful with developing thereusable technology, launchpricesin theUS$5 to 7 millionrange for the reusable Falcon 9 are possible.[225]In 2014, SpaceX had won nine contracts out of 20 that were openly competed worldwide in 2014 at commercial launch service providers.[226]Space media reported that SpaceX had \"already begun to take market share\" from Arianespace.[227]Arianespace has requested that European governments provide additionalsubsidiesto face the competition from SpaceX.[228][229]Europeansatellite operatorsare pushing theESAto reduceAriane 5and the futureAriane 6rocket launch prices as a result of competition from SpaceX. According to oneArianespacemanaging director in 2015, it was clear that \"a very significant challenge [was] coming from SpaceX ... Therefore things have to change ... and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalised and streamlined.\"[230]Jean Botti, Director of innovation forAirbus(which makes the Ariane 5) warned that \"those who don't takeElon Muskseriously will have a lot to worry about.\"[231]In 2014, no commercial launches were booked to fly on the RussianProtonrocket.[226]Also in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing began to affect the market for launch of US military payloads. For nearly a decade the large US launch providerUnited Launch Alliance(ULA) had faced no competition for military launches.[232]Without this competition, launch costs by the U.S. provider rose to over $400 million.[233]The ULA monopoly ended when SpaceX began to compete for national security launches. At a side-by-side comparison, SpaceX's launch costs for commercial missions are considerably lower at $62 million.[234]In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic military and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.[235]To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half.[236][237]In 2017, SpaceX had 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts, the estimate for 2018 is about 65% as of July 2018.[238]On January 11, 2019, SpaceX issued a statement announcing it would lay off 10% of its workforce, in order to help finance theStarshipand Starlink projects.[239]See also[edit]List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launchesColonization of MarsHuman mission to MarsInterplanetary Transport SystemNewSpacePrivate spaceflightReferences[edit]^\"California Business Search (C2414622 - Space Exploration Technologies Corp)\". California Secretary of State. RetrievedMay 5,2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}^Fred Lambert (November 17, 2016).\"Elon Musk's stake in SpaceX is actually worth more than his Tesla shares\". 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MSNBC. RetrievedMarch 1,2017.^AGENDA ITEM NO. 9, CITY OF HAWTHORNE CITY COUNCIL, AGENDA BILL, 11 September 2018, Planning & Community Development Department, City of Hawthorne, Accessed 13 September 2018.^Nelson, Laura J. (November 21, 2017).\"Elon Musk's tunneling company wants to dig through L.A.\"latimes.com. RetrievedSeptember 13,2018.^Elon Musk posted video of his Boring Company tunnels under LA, saying people can use them 'in a few months' for freeBusiness Insider, 11 May 2018, accessed 20 May 2018.^\"Nothing 'Boring' About Elon Musk's Newly Revealed Underground Tunnel\".cbslocal.com. May 11, 2018. RetrievedFebruary 2,2019.^abCopeland, Rob (December 17, 2018).\"Elon Musk's New Boring Co. Faced Questions Over SpaceX Financial Ties\".Wall Street Journal. RetrievedDecember 18,2018.When the Boring Co. was earlier this year spun into its own firm, more than 90% of the equity went to Mr. Musk and the rest to early employees, ... The Boring Co. has since given some equity to SpaceX as compensation for the help, ... about 6% of Boring stock, “based on the value of land, time and other resources contributed since creation of the company,”^\"SpaceX has published Elon Musk's presentation about colonizing Mars — here's the full transcript and slides\".Business Insider. RetrievedMarch 29,2018.^\"Elon Musk revealed a new plan to colonize Mars with giant reusable spaceships — here are the highlights\".Business Insider. RetrievedMarch 29,2018.^\"Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder\". Discovery News. December 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. RetrievedMarch 14,2014.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)^Rory Carroll (July 17, 2013).\"Elon Musk's mission to Mars\".The Guardian. 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The implementation was done without adequate screening or testing of the industrial grade part, without regard to the manufacturer’s recommendations for a 4:1 factor of safety when using their industrial grade part in an application, and without proper modeling or adequate load testing of the part under predicted flight conditions. This design error is directly related to the Falcon 9 CRS-7 launch failure as a “credible” cause....\"^Samantha Masunaga and Melody Petersen (September 2, 2016).\"SpaceX rocket exploded in an instant. Figuring out why involves a mountain of data\". LA Times. RetrievedMarch 1,2017.^Reem Nasr (July 20, 2015).\"Musk: This Is What Caused the SpaceX Launch Failure\". CNBC. RetrievedMarch 1,2017.^\"SpaceX on Twitter: Update on this morning's anomaly\". Twitter. September 1, 2016. RetrievedMarch 1,2017.^Calandrelli E, Escher A (December 16, 2016).\"The top 15 events that happened in space in 2016\". TechCrunch. 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RetrievedJuly 21,2018.^Wattles, Jackie (January 11, 2019).\"SpaceX to lay off 10% of its workers\".CNN.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related toSpaceX.Wikinews has news related to:SpaceXQuotations related toSpaceXat WikiquoteOfficial websiteSpaceXonTwitter&Elon MuskonTwitterSpaceX Instagram&Musk's InstagramSpaceX YouTubevteSpaceXHistory of SpaceXVehiclesRocketsCurrentFalcon 9\"Full Thrust\" Block 5Falcon HeavyIn developmentStarship*Super HeavyRetiredFalcon 1Falcon 9v1.0v1.1\"Full Thrust\" v1.2·Block 4CanceledFalcon 1e*Falcon 5*F9R Dev2*Falcon 9 Air*ITS launch vehicle*BFR*Test vehiclesGrasshopper(retired)F9R Dev1† (destroyed)DragonFly(retired)Starhopper(retired)Starship Mk1* (under construction)Starship Mk2* (under construction)SpacecraftCargoDragonStarship cargo*Starship tanker*CrewedDragon 2Starship*Reusable hardwareFirst-stage boostersIndividual booster articlesCargo capsulesC106EnginesKestrel(retired)Merlin(1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, Vacuum)DracoSuperDracoRaptorMethalox thruster*MissionsFalcon 1 launchesFalcon 9 launchesFalcon Heavy launchestest flightdearMoon project*Launch sitesOrbitalCape Canaveral(Florida)CCAFS Launch Complex 40Kennedy Launch Pad 39AVandenberg(California)Launch Complex 4EKwajalein(Marshall Islands)Omelek Island†AtmosphericMcGregor test siteNew Mexico test site†Brownsville, TexasBoca ChicaLanding sitesAutonomous spaceport drone shipsLanding ZonesLZ-1at Cape CanaveralLZ-2at Cape CanaveralLZ-4at VandenbergOther facilitiesHeadquarters and factory(Hawthorne, California)Rocket development and test facility(McGregor, Texas)Satellite development facility(Redmond, Washington)Regional offices(Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC)ContractsCommercial Orbital Transportation Services(COTS)Commercial Resupply Services(CRS)Commercial Crew Development(CCDev)Commercial Crew integrated Capability(CCiCap)R&DprogramsSpaceX reusable launch system development programFalcon 9 first-stage landing testsRed Dragon(canceled)SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructureStarlinkKey peopleElon Musk(CEO, CTO)Gwynne Shotwell(President and COO)Tom Mueller(VP of Propulsion Development)* denotes unflown vehicles or engines and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles and abandoned sites.vteElon MuskCompaniesZip2(1995–1999)PayPal(1999–2002)SpaceX(2002–present)Tesla, Inc.(2004–present)SolarCity(2006–present)OpenAI(2015–present)Neuralink(2016–present)The Boring Company(2016–present)Other endeavorsHyperloopTesla Roadster in spaceBoring Test TunnelFamilyMaye Musk(mother)Justine Musk(first wife)Talulah Riley(second wife)Kimbal Musk(brother)Tosca Musk(sister)In cultureElon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future(2015 biography)\"The Musk Who Fell to Earth\" (The Simpsons, 2015)CategoryAuthority controlBIBSYS:1490965463968GND:1127363964ISNI:0000 0004 4672 1890LCCN:no2014023926NLI:004168873VIAF:306391200WorldCat Identities(via VIAF):306391200Spaceflight portalLos Angeles portalCompanies portalRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&oldid=920275141\"Categories:SpaceXElon MuskHawthorne, CaliforniaCommercial launch service providersPrivate spaceflight companiesSpacecraft manufacturersHyperloopScience and technology in the Greater Los Angeles AreaManufacturing companies based in the Greater Los Angeles AreaTechnology companies based in the Greater Los Angeles AreaCompanies based in Los Angeles County, CaliforniaManufacturing companies established in 2002Technology companies established in 20022002 establishments in CaliforniaAmerican companies established in 2002Hidden categories:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknownCS1 maint: unfit urlCS1 French-language sources (fr)Articles with short descriptionUse American English from August 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from August 2019Coordinates not on WikidataArticles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017All articles containing potentially dated 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српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheTiếng Việt吴语Yorùbá粵語Žemaitėška中文Edit linksThis page was last edited on 8 October 2019, at 18:22(UTC).Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;\n",
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    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n",
    "soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'html5lib')\n",
    "text = soup.get_text(strip = True)\n",
    "print(text)"
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'\"wikibase.client.init\":\"ready\",\"ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript\":\"ready\",\"ext.uls.interlanguage\":\"ready\",\"ext.wikimediaBadges\":\"ready\",\"ext.3d.styles\":\"ready\",\"mediawiki.skinning.interface\":\"ready\",\"skins.vector.styles\":\"ready\"};RLPAGEMODULES=[\"ext.cite.ux-enhancements\",\"site\",\"mediawiki.page.startup\",\"mediawiki.page.ready\",\"jquery.makeCollapsible\",\"mediawiki.toc\",\"mediawiki.searchSuggest\",\"ext.gadget.teahouse\",\"ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips\",\"ext.gadget.watchlist-notice\",\"ext.gadget.DRN-wizard\",\"ext.gadget.charinsert\",\"ext.gadget.refToolbar\",\"ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons\",\"ext.gadget.switcher\",\"ext.centralauth.centralautologin\",\"mmv.head\",\"mmv.bootstrap.autostart\",\"ext.popups\",\"ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init\",\"ext.visualEditor.targetLoader\",\"ext.eventLogging\",\"ext.wikimediaEvents\",\"ext.navigationTiming\",\"ext.uls.compactlinks\",\"ext.uls.interface\",\"ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns\",\"ext.quicksurveys.init\",\"ext.centralNotice.geoIP\",\"ext.centralNotice.startUp\",', '\"skins.vector.js\"];(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement(\"user.tokens@tffin\",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({\"editToken\":\"+\\\\\\\\\",\"patrolToken\":\"+\\\\\\\\\",\"watchToken\":\"+\\\\\\\\\",\"csrfToken\":\"+\\\\\\\\\"});', '});});SpaceXFrom', 'Wikipedia,', 'the', 'free', 'encyclopediaJump', 'to', 'navigationJump', 'to', 'searchThis', 'article', 'is', 'about', 'the', 'rocket', 'manufacturer.', 'For', 'the', 'British', 'art', 'gallery,', 'seeSpaceX', '(art', 'gallery).\"Space', 'exploration', 'technologies\"', 'redirects', 'here.', 'For', 'an', 'article', 'outlining', 'space', 'technology,', 'seeoutline', 'of', 'space', 'technology.American', 'aerospace', 'companySpace', 'Exploration', 'Technologies', 'Corp.SpaceX', 'Headquarters', 'during', 'Iridium-4', 'launch', 'operations,', 'December', '2017TypePrivateIndustryAerospaceFoundedMay', '6,', '2002;', '17', 'years', 'ago(2002-05-06)[1]HeadquartersHawthorne,', 'California,U.S.33°55′15″N118°19′40″W\\ufeff', '/', '\\ufeff33.9207°N', '118.3278°W\\ufeff', '/33.9207;', '-118.3278Coordinates:33°55′15″N118°19′40″W\\ufeff', '/', '\\ufeff33.9207°N', '118.3278°W\\ufeff', '/33.9207;', '-118.3278Key', 'peopleElon', 'Musk(Founder,CEOandCTO)Gwynne', 'Shotwell(PresidentandCOO)ProductsFalcon', 'launch', 'vehiclesDragon', 'capsulesMerlin,RaptorandKestrelrocket', 'enginesASDS', 'landing', 'platformsServicesOrbitalrocket', 'launchOwnerElon', 'Musk', 'Trust(54%', 'equity;', '78%', 'voting', 'control)[2]Number', 'of', 'employeesEst.', '7,000[3](November', '2017)Websitewww.spacex.comFootnotes', '/', 'references[4][5][6][7]Space', 'Exploration', 'Technologies', 'Corp.,doing', 'business', 'asSpaceX,', 'is', 'aprivateAmericanaerospace', 'manufacturerandspace', 'transportationservices', 'company', 'headquartered', 'inHawthorne,', 'California.', 'It', 'was', 'founded', 'in', '2002', 'byElon', 'Muskwith', 'the', 'goal', 'of', 'reducing', 'space', 'transportation', 'costs', 'to', 'enable', 'thecolonization', 'of', 'Mars.[8][9][10]SpaceX', 'has', 'developed', 'theFalconlaunch', 'vehicle', 'family', 'and', 'theDragonspacecraft', \"family.SpaceX's\", 'achievements', 'include', 'the', 'first', 'privately', 'fundedliquid-propellant', 'rocketto', 'reach', 'orbit', '(Falcon', '1in', '2008),[11]the', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'successfully', 'launch,', 'orbit,', 'and', 'recover', 'a', 'spacecraft', '(Dragonin', '2010),', 'the', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'send', 'a', 'spacecraft', 'to', 'theInternational', 'Space', 'Station(Dragon', 'in', '2012),[12]the', 'firstpropulsive', 'landingfor', 'an', 'orbital', 'rocket', '(Falcon', '9in', '2015),', 'the', 'first', 'reuse', 'of', 'an', 'orbital', 'rocket', '(Falcon', '9', 'in', '2017),', 'and', 'the', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'launch', 'an', 'object', 'intoorbit', 'around', 'the', 'sun(Falcon', \"Heavy's\", 'payload', 'of', 'aTesla', 'Roadsterin', '2018).', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'flown', '18', 'resupply', 'missions', 'to', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station', '(ISS)', 'under', 'a', 'partnership', 'withNASA.[13]NASA', 'also', 'awarded', 'SpaceXa', 'further', 'development', 'contractin', '2011', 'to', 'develop', 'and', 'demonstrate', 'ahuman-ratedDragon,', 'which', 'would', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'transport', 'astronauts', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'and', 'return', 'them', 'safely', 'to', 'Earth.[14]SpaceX', 'conducted', 'the', 'maiden', 'launch', 'of', 'itsCrew', 'Dragonspacecraft', 'on', 'a', 'NASA-required', 'demonstration', 'flight', 'on', 'March', '2,', '2019', 'and', 'is', 'set', 'to', 'launch', 'its', 'first', 'crewed', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'later', 'in', '2019.[15]On', '11', 'March', 'at', '8:45', 'a.m.', 'EST,', 'the', 'SpaceX', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'completed', 'its', 'first', 'uncrewed', 'flight', 'that', 'splash-landed', 'in', 'the', 'Atlantic.', 'The', 'flight', 'namedCrew', 'Dragon', 'Demo-1has', 'demonstrated', 'the', 'Crew', \"Dragon's\", 'ability', 'to', 'safely', 'transport', 'crew', 'to', 'ISS', 'and', 'back.[16]SpaceX', 'reusable', 'launch', 'system', 'development', 'program:', 'in', 'December', '2015,', 'aFalcon', '9successfully', 'accomplished', 'a', 'propulsivevertical', 'landing.', 'This', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'such', 'achievement', 'by', 'a', 'rocket', 'fororbital', 'spaceflight.[17]In', 'April', '2016,', 'with', 'the', 'launch', 'ofCRS-8,', 'SpaceX', 'successfully', 'vertically', 'landed', 'the', 'first', 'stage', 'on', 'an', 'oceandrone', 'shiplanding', 'platform.[18]In', 'May', '2016,', 'in', 'another', 'first,', 'SpaceX', 'again', 'landed', 'the', 'first', 'stage,', 'but', 'during', 'a', 'significantly', 'more', 'energeticgeostationary', 'transfer', 'orbitmission.[19]In', 'March', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'became', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'successfully', 're-launch', 'and', 'land', 'the', 'first', 'stage', 'of', 'an', 'orbital', 'rocket.[20]In', 'September', '2016,', 'CEOElon', 'Muskunveiled', 'theInterplanetary', 'Transport', 'System,', 'a', 'privately', 'funded', 'initiative', 'to', 'develop', 'spaceflight', 'technology', 'for', 'use', 'in', 'crewedinterplanetary', 'spaceflight.', 'In', '2017,', 'Musk', 'unveiled', 'an', 'updated', 'configuration', 'of', 'the', 'system,', 'now', 'namedStarship', 'and', 'Super', 'Heavy,', 'which', 'is', 'planned', 'to', 'be', 'fully', 'reusable', 'and', 'will', 'be', 'the', 'largest', 'rocket', 'ever', 'on', 'its', 'debut,', 'currently', 'scheduled', 'for', 'the', 'early', '2020s.[21][22]Contents1History1.1Goals1.2Achievements1.3Setbacks1.4Ownership,', 'funding', 'and', 'valuation2Hardware2.1Launch', 'vehicles2.2Rocket', 'engines2.3Spacecraft3Research', 'and', 'development3.1Reusable', 'launch', 'system3.2Interplanetary', 'Transport', 'System', '/', 'BFR', '/', 'Starship3.3Other', 'projects4Infrastructure4.1Headquarters,', 'manufacturing', 'and', 'refurbishment', 'facilities4.2Development', 'and', 'test', 'facilities4.3Launch', 'facilities4.3.1Cape', 'Canaveral4.3.2Vandenberg4.3.3Kennedy', 'Space', 'Center4.3.4Brownsville4.4Satellite', 'prototyping', 'facility5Launch', 'contracts5.1NASA', 'contracts5.1.1COTS5.1.2Commercial', 'cargo5.1.3Commercial', 'crew5.2US', 'Defense', 'contracts5.3International', 'contracts5.3.1Kazakhstan6Launch', 'market', 'competition', 'and', 'pricing', 'pressure7See', 'also8References9External', 'linksHistory[edit]Main', 'article:History', 'of', 'SpaceXSpaceX', 'employees', 'with', 'the', 'Dragon', 'capsule', 'at', 'SpaceX', 'HQ', 'in', 'Hawthorne,', 'California,', 'February', '2015In', '2001,Elon', 'MuskconceptualizedMars', 'Oasis,', 'a', 'project', 'to', 'land', 'a', 'miniature', 'experimental', 'greenhouse', 'and', 'growplantson', 'Mars.', '\"This', 'would', 'be', 'the', 'furthest', 'that', 'life’s', 'ever', 'traveled\"[23]in', 'an', 'attempt', 'to', 'regain', 'public', 'interest', 'in', 'space', 'exploration', 'and', 'increase', 'thebudget', 'of', 'NASA.[24][25][26]Musk', 'tried', 'to', 'buy', 'cheap', 'rockets', 'from', 'Russia', 'but', 'returned', 'empty-handed', 'after', 'failing', 'to', 'find', 'rockets', 'for', 'an', 'affordable', 'price.[27][28]On', 'the', 'flight', 'home,', 'Musk', 'realized', 'that', 'he', 'could', 'start', 'a', 'company', 'that', 'could', 'build', 'the', 'affordable', 'rockets', 'he', 'needed.[28]According', 'to', 'earlyTeslaand', 'SpaceX', 'investorSteve', 'Jurvetson,[29]Musk', 'calculated', 'that', 'the', 'raw', 'materials', 'for', 'building', 'a', 'rocket', 'actually', 'were', 'only', 'three', 'percent', 'of', 'the', 'sales', 'price', 'of', 'a', 'rocket', 'at', 'the', 'time.', 'By', 'applyingvertical', 'integration,[27]producing', 'around', '85%', 'of', 'launch', 'hardware', 'in-house,[30][31]and', 'the', 'modular', 'approach', 'from', 'software', 'engineering,', 'SpaceX', 'could', 'cut', 'launch', 'price', 'by', 'a', 'factor', 'of', 'ten', 'and', 'still', 'enjoy', 'a', '70%gross', 'margin.[32]Launch', 'of', 'Falcon', '9', 'carrying', 'ORBCOMM', 'OG2-M1In', 'early', '2002,', 'Musk', 'was', 'seeking', 'staff', 'for', 'his', 'new', 'space', 'company,', 'soon', 'to', 'be', 'named', 'SpaceX.', 'Musk', 'approached', 'rocket', 'engineerTom', 'Mueller(later', \"SpaceX's\", 'CTO', 'of', 'Propulsion)', 'and', 'Mueller', 'agreed', 'to', 'work', 'for', 'Musk,', 'and', 'thus', 'SpaceX', 'was', 'born.[33]SpaceX', 'was', 'first', 'headquartered', 'in', 'a', 'warehouse', 'inEl', 'Segundo,', 'California.', 'The', 'company', 'grew', 'rapidly,', 'from', '160', 'employees', 'in', 'November', '2005', 'to', '1,100', 'in', '2010,[34][35]3,800', 'employees', 'and', 'contractors', 'by', 'October', '2013,[36]nearly', '5,000', 'by', 'late', '2015,[37][38]and', 'about', '6,000', 'in', 'April', '2017.[39]As', 'of', 'November', '2017[update],', 'the', 'company', 'had', 'grown', 'to', 'nearly', '7,000.[3]In', '2016,', 'Musk', 'gave', 'a', 'speech', 'at', 'theInternational', 'Astronautical', 'Congress,', 'where', 'he', 'explained', 'that', 'the', 'US', 'government', 'regulates', 'rocket', 'technology', 'as', 'an', '\"advanced', 'weapon', 'technology\",', 'making', 'it', 'difficult', 'to', 'hire', 'non-Americans.[40]Falcon', '9', \"rocket's\", 'first', 'stage', 'on', 'the', 'landing', 'pad', 'after', 'the', 'second', 'successful', 'vertical', 'landing', 'of', 'an', 'orbital', 'rocket', 'stage,', 'OG2', 'Mission.As', 'of', 'March', '2018,', 'SpaceX', 'had', 'over', '100', 'launches', 'on', 'its', 'manifest', 'representing', 'about', '$12', 'billion', 'in', 'contract', 'revenue.[41]The', 'contracts', 'included', 'both', 'commercial', 'andgovernment(NASA/DOD)', 'customers.[42]In', 'late', '2013,', 'space', 'industry', 'media', 'quoted', \"Musk's\", 'comments', 'on', 'SpaceX', '\"forcing…increased', 'competitiveness', 'in', 'the', 'launch', 'industry,\"', 'its', 'major', 'competitors', 'in', 'the', 'commercialcomsatlaunch', 'market', 'beingArianespace,United', 'Launch', 'Alliance,', 'andInternational', 'Launch', 'Services.[43]At', 'the', 'same', 'time,', 'Musk', 'also', 'said', 'that', 'the', 'increased', 'competition', 'would', '\"be', 'a', 'good', 'thing', 'for', 'the', 'future', 'of', 'space.\"', 'Currently,', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'the', 'leading', 'global', 'commercial', 'launch', 'provider', 'measured', 'by', 'manifested', 'launches.[44]Falcon', '9', 'first', 'stage', 'on', 'an', 'ASDS', 'barge', 'after', 'the', 'first', 'successful', 'landing', 'at', 'sea,', 'CRS-8', 'Mission.Goals[edit]Musk', 'has', 'stated', 'that', 'one', 'of', 'his', 'goals', 'is', 'to', 'decrease', 'the', 'cost', 'and', 'improve', 'the', 'reliability', 'of', 'access', 'tospace,', 'ultimately', 'by', 'a', 'factor', 'of', 'ten.[45]CEOElon', 'Musksaid:', '\"I', 'believe', '$500', 'per', 'pound', '($1,100/kg)', 'or', 'less', 'is', 'very', 'achievable.\"[46]Falcon', 'Heavy', 'Rocket', 'on', 'Launch', 'Pad', '39-A', 'inCape', 'Canaveral,', 'FloridaA', 'major', 'goal', 'of', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'been', 'to', 'develop', 'arapidly', 'reusable', 'launch', 'system.', 'As', 'of', 'March', '2013[update],', 'the', 'publicly', 'announced', 'aspects', 'of', 'this', 'technology', 'development', 'effort', 'include', 'an', 'active', 'test', 'campaign', 'of', 'the', 'low-altitude,', 'low-speedGrasshoppervertical', 'takeoff,', 'vertical', 'landing(VTVL)', 'technology', 'demonstrator', 'rocket,[47][48][49]and', 'a', 'high-altitude,', 'high-speedFalcon', '9post-mission', 'booster', 'return', 'test', 'campaign.', 'In', '2015,', 'SpaceX', 'successfully', 'landed', 'the', 'first', 'orbital', 'rocket', 'stage', 'on', 'December', '21.In', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'formed', 'asubsidiary,The', 'Boring', 'Company,[50]and', 'began', 'work', 'to', 'construct', 'a', 'short', 'underground', 'test', 'tunnel', 'on', 'and', 'adjacent', 'to', 'the', 'SpaceX', 'headquarters', 'and', 'manufacturing', 'facility,', 'utilizing', 'a', 'small', 'number', 'of', 'SpaceX', 'employees,[51]which', 'was', 'completed', 'in', 'May', '2018,[52][53]and', 'opened', 'to', 'the', 'public', 'in', 'December', '2018.[54]During', '2018,', 'The', 'Boring', 'Company', 'wasspun', 'outinto', 'a', 'separatecorporate', 'entitywith', '6%', 'of', 'the', 'equity', 'going', 'to', 'SpaceX,', 'less', 'than', '10%', 'to', 'early', 'employees,', 'and', 'the', 'remainder', 'of', 'the', 'equity', 'to', 'Elon', 'Musk.[54]At', 'the', '2017', 'International', 'Astronautical', 'Congress', 'inAdelaide,', 'Australia,', 'Musk', 'announced', 'his', 'plans', 'to', 'build', 'large', 'spaceships', 'to', 'reach', 'Mars.[55]Using', 'the', 'BFR,', 'Musk', 'plans', 'to', 'land', 'at', 'least', 'two', 'uncrewed', 'cargo', 'ships', 'to', 'Mars', 'in', '2022.', 'The', 'first', 'missions', 'will', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'seek', 'out', 'sources', 'of', 'water', 'and', 'build', 'a', 'propellant', 'plant.', 'In', '2024,', 'Musk', 'plans', 'to', 'fly', 'four', 'additional', 'ships', 'to', 'Mars', 'including', 'the', 'first', 'people.', 'From', 'there,', 'additional', 'missions', 'would', 'work', 'to', 'establish', 'a', 'Mars', \"colony.[9][56]Musk's\", 'advocacy', 'for', 'the', 'long-term', 'settlement', 'of', 'Mars,', 'goes', 'far', 'beyond', 'what', 'SpaceX', 'projects', 'to', 'build;[57][58][59]a', 'successful', 'colonization', 'would', 'ultimately', 'involve', 'many', 'more', 'economic', 'actors—whether', 'individuals,', 'companies,', 'or', 'governments—to', 'facilitate', 'the', 'growth', 'of', 'the', 'human', 'presence', 'on', 'Mars', 'over', 'many', 'decades.[60][61][62]Achievements[edit]SpaceX', 'is', 'defined', 'as', 'a', 'private', 'space', 'company', 'and', 'thus', 'its', 'achievements', 'can', 'be', 'counted', 'as', 'firsts', 'by', 'a', 'private', 'company.', 'Overall', 'achievements', 'include', 'most', 'notably', 'reuse', 'and', 'cost', 'reduction', 'in', 'the', 'spacelaunch', 'industry.', 'Landmark', 'achievements', 'of', 'SpaceX', 'in', 'chronological', 'order', 'include:[63]The', 'first', 'privately', 'funded', 'liquid-fueled', 'rocket', 'to', 'reach', 'orbit', '(Falcon', '1', 'flight', '4on', 'September', '28,', '2008)The', 'first', 'privately', 'developed', 'liquid-fueled', 'rocket', 'to', 'put', 'a', 'commercial', 'satellite', 'in', 'orbit', '(RazakSATon', 'Falcon', '1', 'flight', '5', 'on', 'July', '14,', '2009)The', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'successfully', 'launch,', 'orbit,', 'and', 'recover', 'a', 'spacecraft', '(Dragon', 'capsuleonCOTS', 'demo', 'flight', '1on', 'December', '9,', '2010)The', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'send', 'a', 'spacecraft', 'to', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station', '(Dragon', 'C2+on', 'May', '25,', '2012)The', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'send', 'a', 'satellite', 'into', 'geosynchronous', 'orbit', '(SES-8on', 'Falcon', '9', 'flight', '7', 'on', 'December', '3,', '2013)The', 'first', 'landing', 'of', 'an', 'orbital', \"rocket's\", 'first', 'stage', 'on', 'land', '(Falcon', '9', 'flight', '20on', 'December', '22,', '2015)The', 'first', 'landing', 'of', 'an', 'orbital', \"rocket's\", 'first', 'stage', 'on', 'an', 'ocean', 'platform', '(Falcon', '9', 'flight', '23on', 'April', '8,', '2016)The', 'first', 'relaunch', 'and', 'landing', 'of', 'a', 'used', 'orbital', 'rocket', 'stage', '(B1021onFalcon', '9', 'flight', '32on', 'March', '30,', '2017)[64]The', 'first', 'controlled', 'flyback', 'and', 'recovery', 'of', 'a', 'payload', 'fairing', '(Falcon', '9', 'flight', '32', 'on', 'March', '30,', '2017)[65]The', 'first', 'reflight', 'of', 'a', 'commercial', 'cargo', 'spacecraft.', '(Dragon', 'C106onCRS-11mission', 'on', 'June', '3,', '2017)[66]The', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'send', 'a', 'human-rated', 'spacecraft', 'to', 'space', '(Crew', 'Dragon', 'Demo-1,', 'on', 'Falcon', '9', 'flight', '69on', 'March', '2,', '2019)', 'and', 'the', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'autonomously', 'dock', 'a', 'spacecraft', 'to', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station', '(same', 'flight', 'on', 'March', '3,', '2019)[67]First', 'company', 'using', 'a', 'full', 'flow', 'staged', 'combustion', 'cycle', 'engine', '(Raptor)', 'in', 'free', 'flying', 'vehicle', '(Starhopper,', 'multiple', 'test', 'in', '2019).Setbacks[edit]In', 'March', '2013,', 'aDragon', 'spacecraftinorbitdeveloped', 'issues', 'with', 'its', 'thrusters', 'that', 'limited', 'its', 'control', 'capabilities.', 'SpaceX', 'engineers', 'were', 'able', 'to', 'remotely', 'clear', 'the', 'blockages', 'within', 'a', 'short', 'period,', 'and', 'the', 'spacecraft', 'was', 'able', 'to', 'successfully', 'complete', 'its', 'mission', 'to', 'and', 'from', 'theInternational', 'Space', 'Station.In', 'late', 'June', '2015,CRS-7launched', 'aDragoncapsule', 'atop', 'aFalcon', '9to', 'resupply', 'theInternational', 'Space', 'Station.', 'Alltelemetryreadings', 'were', 'nominal', 'until', '2', 'minutes', 'and', '19', 'seconds', 'into', 'the', 'flight,', 'when', 'a', 'loss', 'of', 'helium', 'pressure', 'was', 'detected', 'and', 'a', 'cloud', 'of', 'vapor', 'appeared', 'outside', 'the', 'second', 'stage.', 'A', 'few', 'seconds', 'after', 'this,', 'the', 'second', 'stage', 'exploded.', 'The', 'first', 'stage', 'continued', 'to', 'fly', 'for', 'a', 'few', 'seconds', 'before', 'disintegrating', 'due', 'toaerodynamic', 'forces.', 'The', 'capsule', 'was', 'thrown', 'off', 'and', 'survived', 'the', 'explosion,', 'transmitting', 'data', 'until', 'it', 'was', 'destroyed', 'on', 'impact.[68]Later', 'it', 'was', 'revealed', 'that', 'the', 'capsule', 'could', 'have', 'landed', 'intact', 'if', 'it', 'hadsoftwareto', 'deploy', 'its', 'parachutes', 'in', 'case', 'of', 'a', 'launch', 'mishap.[69]The', 'problem', 'was', 'discovered', 'to', 'be', 'a', 'failed', '2-foot-long', 'steel', 'strut', 'purchased', 'from', 'a', 'supplier[70]to', 'hold', 'aheliumpressure', 'vesselthat', 'broke', 'free', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'force', 'ofacceleration.[71]This', 'caused', 'a', 'breach', 'and', 'allowed', 'high-pressure', 'helium', 'to', 'escape', 'into', 'the', 'low-pressure', 'propellant', 'tank,', 'causing', 'the', 'failure.', 'TheDragonsoftware', 'issue', 'was', 'also', 'fixed', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'an', 'analysis', 'of', 'the', 'entire', 'program', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'ensure', 'proper', 'abort', 'mechanisms', 'are', 'in', 'place', 'for', 'future', 'rockets', 'and', 'their', 'payload.[72]In', 'early', 'September', '2016,', 'a', 'Falcon', '9', 'exploded', 'during', 'a', 'propellant', 'fill', 'operation', 'for', 'a', 'standard', 'pre-launchstatic', 'fire', 'test.[73][74]The', 'payload,', 'theSpacecomAmos-6communications', 'satellite', 'valued', 'at', '$200', 'million,', 'was', 'destroyed.[75]Musk', 'described', 'the', 'event', 'as', 'the', '\"most', 'difficult', 'and', 'complex', 'failure\"', 'in', \"SpaceX's\", 'history;', 'SpaceX', 'reviewed', 'nearly', '3,000', 'channels', 'of', 'telemetry', 'and', 'video', 'data', 'covering', 'a', 'period', 'of', '35–55', 'milliseconds', 'for', 'the', 'postmortem.[76]Musk', 'reported', 'that', 'the', 'explosion', 'was', 'caused', 'by', 'the', 'liquid', 'oxygen', 'that', 'is', 'used', 'as', 'propellant', 'turning', 'so', 'cold', 'that', 'it', 'solidified', 'and', 'ignited', 'withcarbon', 'compositehelium', 'vessels.[77]Though', 'not', 'considered', 'an', 'unsuccessful', 'flight,', 'the', 'rocket', 'explosion', 'sent', 'the', 'company', 'into', 'a', 'four-month', 'launch', 'hiatus', 'while', 'it', 'worked', 'out', 'what', 'went', 'wrong.', 'SpaceX', 'returned', 'to', 'flight', 'in', 'January', '2017.[78]On', '28', 'June', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'that', 'it', 'had', 'lost', 'contact', 'with', 'three', 'of', 'the', '60satellitesmaking', 'up', 'the', 'Starlinkmegaconstellation.', 'The', 'dysfunctional', \"satellites'\", 'orbits', 'are', 'expected', 'to', 'slowly', 'decay', 'until', 'they', 'disintegrate', 'in', 'theatmosphere.[79]However,', 'the', 'rate', 'of', 'failure', 'for', 'satellites', 'in', 'megaconstellations', 'consisting', 'of', 'thousands', 'of', 'satellites', 'has', 'raised', 'concerns', 'that', 'theseconstellationscould', 'litter', \"theEarth's\", 'lower', 'orbit,', 'with', 'serious', 'detrimental', 'consequences', 'for', 'futurespace', 'flights.[80]Ownership,', 'funding', 'and', 'valuation[edit]In', 'August', '2008,', 'SpaceX', 'accepted', 'a', '$20', 'million', 'investment', 'fromFounders', 'Fund.[81]In', 'early', '2012,', 'approximately', 'two-thirds', 'of', 'the', 'company', 'were', 'owned', 'by', 'its', 'founder[82]and', 'his', '70', 'million', 'shares', 'were', 'then', 'estimated', 'to', 'be', 'worth', '$875', 'million', 'onprivate', 'markets,[83]which', 'roughly', 'valued', 'SpaceX', 'at', '$1.3', 'billion', 'as', 'of', 'February', '2012.[84]After', 'theCOTS', '2+flight', 'in', 'May', '2012,', 'the', 'company', 'private', 'equity', 'valuation', 'nearly', 'doubled', 'to', '$2.4', 'billion.[85][86]In', 'January', '2015,', 'SpaceX', 'raised', '$1', 'billion', 'in', 'funding', 'fromGoogleandFidelity,', 'in', 'exchange', 'for', '8.333%', 'of', 'the', 'company,', 'establishing', 'the', 'company', 'valuation', 'at', 'approximately', '$12', 'billion.', 'Google', 'and', 'Fidelity', 'joined', 'prior', 'investors', 'Draper', 'Fisher', 'Jurvetson,', 'Founders', 'Fund,', 'Valor', 'Equity', 'Partners', 'and', 'Capricorn.[87][88]In', 'July', '2017,', 'the', 'Company', 'raised', 'US$350m', 'at', 'a', 'valuation', 'of', 'US$21', 'billion.[89]As', 'of', 'May', '2012[update],', 'SpaceX', 'had', 'operated', 'on', 'total', 'funding', 'of', 'approximately', '$1', 'billion', 'in', 'its', 'first', 'ten', 'years', 'of', 'operation.', 'Of', 'this,', 'private', 'equity', 'provided', 'about', '$200M,', 'with', 'Musk', 'investing', 'approximately', '$100M', 'and', 'other', 'investors', 'having', 'put', 'in', 'about', '$100M', '(Founders', 'Fund,Draper', 'Fisher', 'Jurvetson,', 'etc.).[90]The', 'remainder', 'has', 'come', 'from', 'progress', 'payments', 'on', 'long-term', 'launch', 'contracts', 'and', 'development', 'contracts.', 'By', 'March', '2018,', 'SpaceX', 'had', 'contracts', 'for', '100', 'launch', 'missions,', 'and', 'each', 'of', 'those', 'contracts', 'provide', 'down', 'payments', 'at', 'contract', 'signing,', 'plus', 'many', 'are', 'paying', 'progress', 'payments', 'as', 'launch', 'vehicle', 'components', 'are', 'built', 'in', 'advance', 'of', 'mission', 'launch,', 'driven', 'in', 'part', 'by', 'US', 'accounting', 'rules', 'forrecognizing', 'long-term', 'revenue.[42]@media', 'all', 'and', '(max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva', '.mw-parser-output', 'div.mw-graph{min-width:auto!important;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:visible}}.mw-parser-output', '.mw-graph-img{width:inherit;height:inherit}Successful', 'SpaceX', 'launches', 'by', 'year[91]Congressional', 'testimony', 'by', 'SpaceX', 'in', '2017', 'suggested', 'that', 'the', 'NASASpace', 'Act', 'Agreementprocess', 'of', '\"setting', 'only', 'ahigh-level', 'requirementfor', 'cargo', 'transport', 'to', 'the', 'space', 'station', '[while]', 'leaving', 'the', 'details', 'to', 'industry\"', 'had', 'allowed', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'design', 'and', 'develop', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'rocket', 'on', 'its', 'own', 'at', 'substantially', 'lower', 'cost.', '\"According', \"toNASA'sown\", 'independently', 'verified', 'numbers,', 'SpaceX’s', 'development', 'costs', 'of', 'both', 'the', 'Falcon', '1', 'and', 'Falcon', '9', 'rockets', 'were', 'estimated', 'at', 'approximatelyUS$390', 'millionin', 'total.', '\"In', '2011,', 'NASA', 'estimated', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'have', 'cost', 'the', 'agency', 'aboutUS$4', 'billionto', 'develop', 'a', 'rocket', 'like', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'booster', 'based', 'upon', \"NASA's\", 'traditional', 'contracting', 'processes\".', 'The', 'Falcon', '9', 'launch', 'system,', 'with', 'an', 'estimated', 'improvement', 'at', 'least', 'four', 'to', 'ten', 'times', 'over', 'traditional', 'cost-plus', 'contracting', 'estimates,', 'about', '$400', 'million', 'vs.', '$4', 'billion', 'in', 'savings', 'through', 'the', 'usage', 'of', 'Space', 'Act', 'Agreements.[92]In', 'April', '2019,', 'the', 'Wall', 'Street', 'Journal', 'reported', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'was', 'raising', 'another', '$500', 'million', 'in', 'funding.[93]In', 'MaySpace', 'Newsreported', 'SpaceX', '\"raised', '$1.022', 'billion\"', 'the', 'day', 'after', 'SpaceX', 'launched', '60', 'Satellites', 'towards', 'their', '12,000', 'satellite', 'plan', 'namedStarlink', 'broadband', 'constellation.[94][95]As', 'of', 'May', '31,', '2019,', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'risen', 'to', '$33.3', 'billion.[96]In', 'June', '2019', 'SpaceX', 'started', 'to', 'raise', '$300', 'million', 'of', 'investment,', 'mostly', 'from', 'the', 'Ontario', \"Teachers'\", 'Pension', 'Plan,', 'which', 'has', '$191.1', 'billion', 'in', 'assets', 'under', 'management.[97]Hardware[edit]Launch', 'vehicles[edit]Main', 'article:Launch', 'vehicles', 'of', 'SpaceXThe', 'landing', 'of', 'aFalcon', '9', 'Block', '5first', 'stage', 'at', 'Cape', 'Canaveral', 'in', 'July', '2019', '–VTVLtechnologies', 'are', 'utilized', 'in', 'many', 'of', \"SpaceX's\", 'launch', 'vehiclesFalcon', '1was', 'a', 'small', 'rocket', 'capable', 'of', 'placing', 'several', 'hundred', 'kilograms', 'into', 'low', 'earth', 'orbit.[98]It', 'functioned', 'as', 'an', 'early', 'test-bed', 'for', 'developing', 'concepts', 'and', 'components', 'for', 'the', 'larger', 'Falcon', '9.[98]Falcon', '1', 'attempted', 'five', 'flights', 'between', '2006', 'and', '2009.', 'With', 'Falcon', 'I,', 'when', 'Musk', 'announced', 'his', 'plans', 'for', 'it', 'before', 'a', 'subcommittee', 'in', 'the', 'Senate', 'in', '2004,', 'he', 'discussed', 'that', 'Falcon', 'I', 'would', 'be', 'the', \"'worlds\", 'only', 'semi-reusable', 'orbital', \"rocket'\", 'apart', 'from', 'the', 'space', 'shuttle.[99]On', 'September', '28,', '2008,', 'on', 'its', 'fourth', 'attempt,', 'the', 'Falcon', '1', 'successfully', 'reached', 'orbit,', 'becoming', 'the', 'first', 'privately', 'funded,', 'liquid-fueled', 'rocket', 'to', 'do', 'so.[100]Falcon', '9is', 'anEELV-classmedium-liftvehicle', 'capable', 'of', 'delivering', 'up', 'to', '22,800', 'kilograms', '(50,265', 'lb)', 'to', 'orbit,', 'and', 'is', 'intended', 'to', 'compete', 'with', 'theDelta', 'IVand', 'theAtlas', 'Vrockets,', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'other', 'launch', 'providers', 'around', 'the', 'world.', 'It', 'has', 'nineMerlinengines', 'in', 'its', 'first', 'stage.[101]TheFalcon', '9', 'v1.0rocket', 'successfully', 'reached', 'orbit', 'on', 'its', 'first', 'attempt', 'on', 'June', '4,', '2010.', 'Its', 'third', 'flight,COTS', 'Demo', 'Flight', '2,', 'launched', 'on', 'May', '22,', '2012,', 'and', 'was', 'the', 'firstcommercialspacecraft', 'to', 'reach', 'and', 'dock', 'with', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station.[102]The', 'vehicle', 'was', 'upgraded', 'toFalcon', '9', 'v1.1in', '2013', 'and', 'again', 'in', '2015', 'to', 'the', 'currentFalcon', '9', 'Full', 'Thrustversion.', 'As', 'of', 'February', '2018[update],', 'Falcon', '9', 'vehicles', 'have', 'flown49', 'successful', 'missionswith', 'one', 'failure,', 'the', 'CRS-7', 'mission.', 'An', 'additional', 'vehicle', 'was', 'destroyed', 'during', 'a', 'routine', 'test', 'several', 'days', 'prior', 'to', 'a', 'scheduled', 'launch', 'in', '2016.In', '2011,', 'SpaceX', 'began', 'development', 'of', 'theFalcon', 'Heavy,', 'aheavy-liftrocket', 'configured', 'using', 'a', 'cluster', 'of', 'three', 'Falcon', '9', 'first', 'stagecoreswith', 'a', 'total', '27Merlin', '1Dengines', 'andpropellant', 'crossfeed.[103][104]The', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'successfully', 'flew', 'on', 'its', 'inaugural', 'mission', 'on', 'February', '6,', '2018', 'with', 'a', 'payload', 'consisting', 'of', \"Musk's\", 'personalTesla', 'Roadsterintoheliocentric', 'orbit[105]The', 'first', 'stage', 'would', 'be', 'capable', 'of', 'lifting', '63,800', 'kilograms', '(140,660', 'lb)', 'toLEOwith', 'the', '27', 'Merlin', '1D', 'engines', 'producing', '22,819kNof', 'thrust', 'at', 'sea', 'level,', 'and', '24,681', 'kN', 'in', 'space.', 'At', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'its', 'first', 'launch,', 'SpaceX', 'described', 'their', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'as', '\"the', \"world's\", 'most', 'powerful', 'rocket', 'in', 'operation\".[106]Rocket', 'engines[edit]Main', 'article:Rocket', 'engines', 'of', 'SpaceXTheMerlin', '1Dengine,', \"SpaceX's\", 'most', 'prolific', 'engine,', 'undergoing', 'testing', 'at', \"SpaceX's\", 'Rocket', 'Development', 'and', 'Test', 'Facility', 'in', 'McGregor,', 'TexasSince', 'the', 'founding', 'of', 'SpaceX', 'in', '2002,', 'the', 'company', 'has', 'developed', 'three', 'families', 'ofrocket', 'engines—Merlinand', 'the', 'retiredKestrelforlaunch', 'vehiclepropulsion,', 'and', 'theDracocontrol', 'thrusters.', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'currentlydevelopingtwo', 'further', 'rocket', 'engines:SuperDracoandRaptor.', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'currently', 'the', \"world's\", 'most', 'prolific', 'producer', 'of', 'liquid', 'fuel', 'rocket', 'engines.[107]Merlin', 'is', 'a', 'family', 'of', 'rocket', 'engines', 'developed', 'by', 'SpaceX', 'for', 'use', 'on', 'itsFalcon', 'rocket', 'family.', 'Merlin', 'engines', 'useLOXandRP-1as', 'propellants', 'in', 'a', 'gas-generator', 'power', 'cycle.', 'The', 'Merlin', 'engine', 'was', 'originally', 'designed', 'for', 'sea', 'recovery', 'and', 'reuse.', 'The', 'injector', 'at', 'the', 'heart', 'of', 'Merlin', 'is', 'of', 'thepintletype', 'that', 'was', 'first', 'used', 'in', 'theApollo', 'Programfor', 'the', 'lunar', 'module', 'landing', 'engine.', 'Propellants', 'are', 'fed', 'via', 'a', 'single', 'shaft,', 'dual', 'impellerturbo-pump.', 'Kestrel', 'is', 'a', 'LOX/RP-1pressure-fedrocket', 'engine,', 'and', 'was', 'used', 'as', 'the', 'Falcon', '1', \"rocket's\", 'second', 'stage', 'main', 'engine.', 'It', 'is', 'built', 'around', 'the', 'same', 'pintle', 'architecture', 'as', \"SpaceX's\", 'Merlin', 'engine', 'but', 'does', 'not', 'have', 'aturbo-pump,', 'and', 'is', 'fed', 'only', 'bytank', 'pressure.', 'Its', 'nozzle', 'isablativelycooled', 'in', 'the', 'chamber', 'and', 'throat,', 'is', 'alsoradiatively', 'cooled,', 'and', 'is', 'fabricated', 'from', 'a', 'high', 'strengthniobiumalloy.', 'Both', 'names', 'for', 'theMerlinandKestrelengines', 'are', 'derived', 'from', 'species', 'of', 'North', 'American', 'falcons:', 'thekestreland', 'themerlin.[108]Draco', 'arehypergolicliquid-propellant', 'rocket', 'engines', 'that', 'utilizemonomethyl', 'hydrazinefuelandnitrogen', 'tetroxideoxidizer.', 'Each', 'Draco', 'thruster', 'generates', '400', 'newtons', '(90', 'lbf)', 'of', 'thrust.[109]They', 'are', 'used', 'asreaction', 'control', 'system(RCS)', 'thrusters', 'on', 'theDragon', 'spacecraft.[110]SuperDracoengines', 'are', 'a', 'much', 'more', 'powerful', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'Draco', 'thrusters,', 'which', 'were', 'initially', 'meant', 'to', 'be', 'used', 'as', 'landing', 'andlaunch', 'escape', 'systemengines', 'on', 'the', 'version', '2', 'Dragon', 'spacecraft,Dragon', '2.', 'The', 'concept', 'of', 'using', 'retro-rockets', 'for', 'landing', 'was', 'scrapped', 'in', '2017', 'when', 'it', 'was', 'decided', 'to', 'perform', 'a', 'traditional', 'parachute', 'descent', 'andsplashdownat', 'sea.[111]Raptoris', 'a', 'new', 'family', 'ofmethane-fueledfull', 'flow', 'staged', 'combustion', 'cycleengines', 'to', 'be', 'used', 'in', 'its', 'future', 'Starship', 'launch', 'system.[112]Development', 'versions', 'were', 'test', 'fired', 'in', 'late', '2016.[113]On', 'April', '3,', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'conducted', 'a', 'successful', 'static', 'fire', 'test', 'in', 'Texas', 'on', 'itsStarhoppervehicle,', 'which', 'ignited', 'the', 'engine', 'while', 'the', 'vehicle', 'remained', 'tethered', 'to', 'the', 'ground.[114]On', 'July', '24,', '2019', 'SpaceX', 'conducted', 'a', 'successful', 'test', 'hop', 'of', '20', 'meters', 'of', 'its', 'Starhopper', 'test', 'vehicle.[115]On', 'the', '28th', 'August', '2019', \"SpaceX's\", 'Starhopper', 'prototype', 'conducted', 'a', 'successful', 'test', 'hop', 'of', \"150-meters.[116]Spacecraft[edit]SpaceX'sCrew\", 'Dragonspacecraft,', 'designed', 'to', 'shuttle', 'crew', 'to', 'and', 'from', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'theCommercial', 'Crew', 'ProgramIn', '2005,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'plans', 'to', 'pursue', 'a', 'human-rated', 'commercial', 'space', 'program', 'through', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'decade.[117]The', 'Dragon', 'is', 'a', 'conventional', 'blunt-cone', 'ballistic', 'capsule', 'which', 'is', 'capable', 'of', 'carrying', 'cargo', 'or', 'up', 'to', 'seven', 'astronauts', 'into', 'orbit', 'and', 'beyond.[118][118]In', '2006,', 'NASA', 'announced', 'that', 'the', 'company', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'two', 'selected', 'to', 'provide', 'crew', 'and', 'cargo', 'resupply', 'demonstration', 'contracts', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'under', 'the', 'COTS', 'program.[119]SpaceX', 'demonstrated', 'cargo', 'resupply', 'and', 'eventually', 'crew', 'transportation', 'services', 'using', 'the', 'Dragon.[102]The', 'first', 'flight', 'of', 'a', 'Dragon', 'structural', 'test', 'article', 'took', 'place', 'in', 'June', '2010,', 'from', 'Launch', 'Complex', '40', 'at', 'Cape', 'Canaveral', 'Air', 'Force', 'Station', 'during', 'the', 'maiden', 'flight', 'of', 'theFalcon', '9launch', 'vehicle;', 'themock-upDragon', 'lacked', 'avionics,', 'heat', 'shield,', 'and', 'other', 'key', 'elements', 'normally', 'required', 'of', 'a', 'fully', 'operational', 'spacecraft', 'but', 'contained', 'all', 'the', 'necessary', 'characteristics', 'to', 'validate', 'the', 'flight', 'performance', 'of', 'the', 'launch', 'vehicle.[120]An', 'operational', 'Dragon', 'spacecraft', 'was', 'launched', 'in', 'December', '2010', 'aboardCOTS', 'Demo', 'Flight', '1,', 'the', 'Falcon', \"9's\", 'second', 'flight,', 'and', 'safely', 'returned', 'to', 'Earth', 'after', 'two', 'orbits,', 'completing', 'all', 'its', 'mission', 'objectives.[121]In', '2012,', 'Dragon', 'became', 'the', 'first', 'commercial', 'spacecraft', 'to', 'deliver', 'cargo', 'to', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station,[102]and', 'has', 'since', 'been', 'conducting', 'regular', 'resupply', 'services', 'to', 'the', 'ISS.[122]In', 'April', '2011,', 'NASA', 'issued', 'a', '$75', 'million', 'contract,', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'its', 'second-roundcommercial', 'crew', 'development(CCDev)', 'program,', 'for', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'develop', 'an', 'integrated', 'launch', 'escape', 'system', 'for', 'Dragon', 'in', 'preparation', 'for', 'human-rating', 'it', 'as', 'a', 'crew', 'transport', 'vehicle', 'to', 'the', 'ISS.[123]In', 'August', '2012,', 'NASA', 'awarded', 'SpaceX', 'a', 'firm,', 'fixed-priceSAAwith', 'the', 'objective', 'of', 'producing', 'a', 'detailed', 'design', 'of', 'the', 'entire', 'crew', 'transportation', 'system.', 'This', 'contract', 'includes', 'numerous', 'key', 'technical', 'and', 'certification', 'milestones,', 'an', 'uncrewed', 'flight', 'test,', 'a', 'crewed', 'flight', 'test,', 'and', 'six', 'operational', 'missions', 'following', 'system', 'certification.[124]The', 'fully', 'autonomous', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'spacecraft', 'is', 'expected', 'to', 'be', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'safest', 'crewed', 'spacecraft', 'systems.', 'Reusable', 'in', 'nature,', 'the', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'will', 'offer', 'savings', 'to', 'NASA.[124]SpaceX', 'conducted', 'a', 'test', 'of', 'an', 'empty', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'to', 'ISS', 'in', 'early', '2019,', 'and', 'later', 'in', 'the', 'year', 'they', 'plan', 'to', 'launch', 'a', 'crewed', 'Dragon', 'which', 'will', 'send', 'US', 'astronauts', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'since', 'the', 'retirement', 'of', 'theSpace', 'Shuttle.[125][126]In', 'February', '2017', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'that', 'two', 'would-bespace', 'touristshad', 'put', 'down', '\"significant', 'deposits\"', 'for', 'a', 'mission', 'which', 'would', 'see', 'the', 'two', 'tourists', 'fly', 'on', 'board', 'a', 'Dragon', 'capsule', 'around', 'the', 'Moon', 'and', 'back', 'again.In', 'addition', 'to', \"SpaceX's\", 'privately', 'funded', 'plans', 'for', 'an', 'eventualMars', 'mission,', 'NASAAmes', 'Research', 'Centerhad', 'developed', 'a', 'concept', 'calledRed', 'Dragon:', 'a', 'low-cost', 'Mars', 'mission', 'that', 'would', 'useFalcon', 'Heavyas', 'the', 'launch', 'vehicle', 'and', 'trans-Martian', 'injection', 'vehicle,', 'and', 'theDragon', 'capsuletoentertheMartian', 'atmosphere.', 'The', 'concept', 'was', 'originally', 'envisioned', 'for', 'launch', 'in', '2018', 'as', 'aNASA', 'Discovery', 'mission,', 'then', 'alternatively', 'for', '2022[127]The', 'objectives', 'of', 'the', 'mission', 'would', 'be', 'return', 'the', 'samples', 'from', 'Mars', 'to', 'Earth', 'at', 'a', 'fraction', 'of', 'the', 'cost', 'of', 'the', 'NASA', 'own', 'return-sample', 'mission', 'now', 'projected', 'at', '6', 'billion', 'dollars.[127][128]In', 'September', '2017,Elon', 'Muskreleased', 'first', 'prototype', 'images', 'of', 'their', 'space', 'suits', 'to', 'be', 'used', 'in', 'future', 'missions.', 'The', 'suit', 'is', 'in', 'testing', 'phase', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'cope', 'with', '2', 'ATM', 'pressure', 'in', 'vacuum.[129][130]The', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'spacecraft', 'was', 'first', 'sent', 'to', 'space', 'on', 'March', '2,', '2019.Research', 'and', 'development[edit]First', 'test', 'firing', 'of', 'a', 'scale', 'Raptor', 'development', 'engine', 'in', 'September', '2016', 'in', 'McGregor,', 'Texas.SpaceX', 'is', 'actively', 'pursuing', 'several', 'differentresearch', 'and', 'developmentprograms.', 'Most', 'notable', 'are', 'those', 'intended', 'to', 'develop', 'reusable', 'launch', 'vehicles,', 'an', 'interplanetary', 'transport', 'system', 'and', 'a', 'global', 'telecommunications', 'network.Reusable', 'launch', 'system[edit]Autonomous', 'spaceport', 'drone', 'shipin', 'position', 'prior', 'to', 'Falcon', '9', 'Flight', '17', 'carrying', 'CRS-6.Main', 'articles:SpaceX', 'reusable', 'launch', 'system', 'development', 'programandFalcon', '9', 'first-stage', 'landing', \"testsSpaceX's\", 'reusable', 'launcher', 'program', 'was', 'publicly', 'announced', 'in', '2011', 'and', 'the', 'design', 'phase', 'was', 'completed', 'in', 'February', '2012.', 'The', 'system', 'returns', 'thefirst', 'stageof', 'aFalcon', '9rocket', 'to', 'a', 'predetermined', 'landing', 'site', 'using', 'only', 'its', 'own', 'propulsion', \"systems.[131]SpaceX's\", 'active', 'test', 'program', 'began', 'in', 'late', '2012', 'with', 'testing', 'low-altitude,', 'low-speed', 'aspects', 'of', 'thelandingtechnology.Grasshopperand', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'Reusable', 'Development', 'Vehicles', '(F9R', 'Dev)', 'were', 'experimentaltechnology-demonstratorreusable', 'rocketsthat', 'performed', 'vertical', 'takeoffs', 'and', 'landings.High-velocity,', 'high-altitude', 'aspects', 'of', 'theboosteratmospheric', 'return', 'technology', 'began', 'testing', 'in', 'late', '2013', 'and', 'have', 'continued', 'through', '2018,', 'with', 'a', '98%', 'success', 'rate', 'todate.', 'As', 'a', 'result', 'of', 'Elon', \"Musk's\", 'goal', 'of', 'crafting', 'more', 'cost-effective', 'launch', 'vehicles,', 'SpaceX', 'conceived', 'a', 'method', 'to', 'reuse', 'the', 'first', 'stage', 'of', 'their', 'primary', 'rocket,', 'theFalcon', '9,[132]by', 'attempting', 'propulsive', 'vertical', 'landings', 'on', 'solid', 'surfaces.', 'Once', 'the', 'company', 'determined', 'that', 'soft', 'landings', 'were', 'feasible', 'by', 'touching', 'down', 'over', 'the', 'Atlantic', 'and', 'Pacific', 'Ocean,', 'they', 'began', 'landing', 'attempts', 'on', 'a', 'solid', 'platform.', 'SpaceX', 'leased', 'and', 'modified', 'several', 'barges', 'to', 'sit', 'out', 'at', 'sea', 'as', 'a', 'target', 'for', 'the', 'returning', 'first', 'stage,', 'converting', 'them', 'toautonomous', 'spaceport', 'drone', 'ships(ASDS).', 'SpaceX', 'first', 'achieved', 'asuccessful', 'landing', 'and', 'recovery', 'of', 'a', 'first', 'stagein', 'December', '2015,[133]and', 'in', 'April', '2016,', 'the', 'first', 'stage', 'booster', 'first', 'successfully', 'landed', 'on', 'the', 'ASDSOf', 'Course', 'I', 'Still', 'Love', 'You.[134][135]SpaceX', 'continues', 'to', 'carry', 'out', 'first', 'stage', 'landings', 'on', 'every', 'orbital', 'launch', 'that', 'fuel', 'margins', 'allow.', 'By', 'October', '2016,', 'following', 'the', 'successful', 'landings,', 'SpaceX', 'indicated', 'they', 'were', 'offering', 'their', 'customers', 'a', 'ten', 'percent', 'price', 'discount', 'if', 'they', 'choose', 'to', 'fly', 'their', 'payload', 'on', 'a', 'reused', 'Falcon', '9', 'first', 'stage.[136]On', 'March', '30,', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'launched', 'a', '\"flight-proven\"', 'Falcon', '9', 'for', 'theSES-10', 'mission.', 'This', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'a', 're-launch', 'of', 'a', 'payload-carrying', 'orbital', 'rocket', 'went', 'back', 'to', 'space.[64][137]The', 'first', 'stage', 'was', 'recovered', 'and', 'landed', 'on', 'the', 'ASDSOf', 'Course', 'I', 'Still', 'Love', 'Youin', 'the', 'Atlantic', 'Ocean,', 'also', 'making', 'it', 'the', 'first', 'landing', 'of', 'a', 'reused', 'orbital', 'class', 'rocket.', 'Elon', 'Musk', 'called', 'the', 'achievement', 'an', '\"incredible', 'milestone', 'in', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'space.\"[138][139]Interplanetary', 'Transport', 'System', '/', 'BFR', '/', \"Starship[edit]Artist's\", 'impression', 'of', 'theStarshipduring', 'stage', 'separationMain', 'articles:SpaceX', 'Mars', 'transportation', 'infrastructureandBFR', '(rocket)SpaceX', 'is', 'developing', 'a', 'super-heavy', 'lift', 'launch', 'system,Starship-Super', 'Heavy.', 'Starship-Super', 'Heavy', 'is', 'a', 'fully', 'reusable', 'first', 'stage', 'launch', 'vehicle', 'and', 'second', 'stage', '+', 'spacecraft', 'intended', 'to', 'replace', 'all', 'of', 'the', \"company's\", 'existing', 'launch', 'vehicle', 'hardware', 'by', 'the', 'early', '2020s;', 'plus', 'ground', 'infrastructure', 'for', 'rapid', 'launch', 'and', 'relaunch', 'and', 'zero-gravity', 'propellant', 'transfer', 'technology', 'inlow', 'Earth', 'orbit(LEO).SpaceX', 'initially', 'envisioned', 'a', '12-meter-diameterITS', 'launch', 'vehicleconcept', 'in', '2016', 'which', 'was', 'solely', 'aimed', 'at', 'Mars', 'transit', 'and', 'other', 'interplanetary', 'uses.', 'In', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'articulated', 'a', 'smaller', '9-meter-diametervehicle', 'architectureto', 'replace', 'all', 'of', 'SpaceX', 'launch', 'service', 'provider', 'capabilities—Earth-orbit,', 'lunar-orbit,', 'interplanetary', 'missions,', 'and', 'potentially,', 'even', 'intercontinental', 'passenger', 'transport', 'on', 'Earth—but', 'do', 'so', 'on', 'a', 'fully', 'reusable', 'set', 'of', 'vehicles', 'with', 'a', 'markedly', 'lower', 'cost', 'structure.[140]Private', 'passengerYusaku', 'Maezawahas', 'contracted', 'tofly', 'around', 'the', 'Moonin', 'Starship-Super', 'Heavy', 'in', \"2023.[141][142][143]Musk's\", 'long', 'term', 'vision', 'for', 'the', 'company', 'is', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'technology', 'and', 'resources', 'suitable', 'for', 'human', 'colonization', 'on', 'Mars.', 'He', 'has', 'expressed', 'his', 'interest', 'in', 'someday', 'traveling', 'to', 'the', 'planet,', 'stating', '\"I\\'d', 'like', 'to', 'die', 'on', 'Mars,', 'just', 'not', 'on', 'impact.\"[144]A', 'rocket', 'every', 'two', 'years', 'or', 'so', 'could', 'provide', 'a', 'base', 'for', 'the', 'people', 'arriving', 'in', '2025', 'after', 'a', 'launch', 'in', '2024.[145][146]According', 'to', 'Steve', 'Jurvetson,', 'Musk', 'believes', 'that', 'by', '2035', 'at', 'the', 'latest,', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'thousands', 'of', 'rockets', 'flying', 'a', 'million', 'people', 'to', 'Mars,', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'enable', 'a', 'self-sustaining', 'human', 'colony.[147]Other', 'projects[edit]Main', 'articles:Starlink', '(satellite', 'constellation)andHyperloop', 'pod', 'competitionIn', 'January', '2015,', 'SpaceX', 'CEOElon', 'Muskannounced', 'the', 'development', 'ofa', 'new', 'satellite', 'constellationto', 'provide', 'global', 'broadband', 'internet', 'service.', 'In', 'June', '2015', 'the', 'company', 'asked', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'for', 'permission', 'to', 'begin', 'testing', 'for', 'a', 'project', 'that', 'aims', 'to', 'build', 'a', 'constellation', 'of', '4,425', 'satellites', 'capable', 'of', 'beaming', 'the', 'Internet', 'to', 'the', 'entire', 'globe,', 'including', 'remote', 'regions', 'which', 'currently', 'do', 'not', 'have', 'Internet', 'access.[148][149]The', 'Internet', 'service', 'would', 'use', 'a', 'constellation', 'of', '4,425', 'cross-linkedcommunications', 'satellitesin', '1,100', 'km', 'orbits.', 'Owned', 'and', 'operated', 'by', 'SpaceX,', 'the', 'goal', 'of', 'the', 'business', 'is', 'to', 'increase', 'profitability', 'and', 'cashflow,', 'to', 'allow', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'build', 'its', 'Mars', 'colony.[150]Development', 'began', 'in', '2015,', 'initial', 'prototypetest-flightsatellites', 'were', 'launched', 'on', 'the', 'SpaceX', 'PAZ', 'mission', 'in', '2017.', 'Initial', 'operation', 'of', 'the', 'constellation', 'could', 'begin', 'as', 'early', 'as', '2020.', 'As', 'of', 'March', '2017[update],', 'SpaceX', 'filed', 'with', 'theUS', 'regulatory', 'authoritiesplans', 'to', 'field', 'a', 'constellation', 'of', 'an', 'additional', '7,518', '\"V-bandsatellites', 'in', 'non-geosynchronous', 'orbitsto', 'provide', 'communications', 'services\"', 'in', 'an', 'electromagnetic', 'spectrum', 'that', 'had', 'not', 'previously', 'been', '\"heavily', 'employed', 'for', 'commercial', 'communications', 'services\".', 'Called', 'the', '\"V-band', 'low-Earth-orbit', '(VLEO)', 'constellation\",', 'it', 'would', 'consist', 'of', '\"7,518', 'satellites', 'to', 'follow', 'the', '[earlier]', 'proposed', '4,425', 'satellites', 'that', 'would', 'function', 'inKa-andKu-band\".[151]In', 'February', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'formed', 'a', 'sibling', 'company,SpaceX', 'Services,', 'Inc.,', 'to', 'license', 'the', 'manufacture', 'and', 'deployment', 'of', 'up', 'to', '1,000,000fixedsatellite', 'earth', 'stationsthat', 'will', 'communicate', 'with', 'its', 'Starlink', 'system.[152]In', 'May', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'launched', 'the', 'first', 'batch', 'of', '60', 'satellites', 'aboard', 'a', 'Falcon', '9', 'from', 'Cape', 'Canaveral,', 'FL.[153]In', 'June', '2015,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'that', 'they', 'would', 'sponsor', 'aHyperloopcompetition,', 'and', 'would', 'build', 'a', '1-mile-long', '(1.6', 'km)subscaletest', 'track', 'near', \"SpaceX's\", 'headquarters', 'for', 'the', 'competitive', 'events.[154][155]The', 'first', 'competitive', 'event', 'was', 'held', 'at', 'the', 'track', 'in', 'January', '2017', 'and', 'the', 'second', 'in', 'August', '2017.[156][157]And', 'the', 'third', 'in', 'December', '2018.[158]Infrastructure[edit]The', \"company's\", 'headquarters,', 'located', 'inHawthorne,', 'California.SpaceX', 'isheadquarteredin', 'Hawthorne,', 'California,', 'which', 'also', 'serves', 'as', 'its', 'primary', 'manufacturing', 'plant.', 'The', 'company', 'owns', 'a', 'test', 'site', 'in', 'Texas', 'and', 'operates', 'three', 'launch', 'sites,', 'with', 'another', 'under', 'development.', 'SpaceX', 'also', 'operates', 'regional', 'offices', 'in', 'Redmond,', 'Texas,', 'Virginia,', 'and', 'Washington,', 'D.C.[42]Headquarters,', 'manufacturing', 'and', 'refurbishment', 'facilities[edit]Falcon', '9', 'v1.1rocket', 'cores', 'under', 'construction', 'at', 'the', 'SpaceX', 'Hawthorne', 'facility,', 'November', '2014.SpaceX', 'Headquarters', 'is', 'located', 'in', 'theLos', 'Angelessuburb', 'ofHawthorne,', 'California.', 'The', 'large', 'three-story', 'facility,', 'originally', 'built', 'byNorthrop', 'Corporationto', 'buildBoeing', '747fuselages,[159]houses', \"SpaceX's\", 'office', 'space,', 'mission', 'control,', 'and,', 'as', 'of', '2018,', 'all', 'vehicle', 'manufacturing.', 'In', 'March', '2018,', 'SpaceX', 'indicated', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'manufacture', 'its', 'next-generation,', '9', 'm', '(30', 'ft)-diameter', 'launch', 'vehicle,', 'theBFRat', 'a', 'new', 'facility', 'it', 'is', 'building', 'on', 'theLos', 'Angeleswaterfront', 'in', 'theSan', 'Pedroarea.', 'The', 'company', 'has', 'leased', 'an', '18-acre', 'site', 'near', 'Berth', '240', 'in', 'the', 'Los', 'Angeles', 'port', 'for', '10', 'years,', 'with', 'multiple', 'renewals', 'possible,', 'and', 'will', 'use', 'the', 'site', 'for', 'manufacturing,', 'recovery', 'from', 'shipborne', 'landings,', 'and', 'refurbishment', 'of', 'both', 'the', 'BFR', 'booster', 'and', 'the', 'BFR', 'spaceship.[160][161]The', 'area', 'has', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'largest', 'concentrations', 'of', 'aerospace', 'headquarters,', 'facilities,', 'and/or', 'subsidiaries', 'in', 'the', 'U.S.,', 'includingBoeing/McDonnell', 'Douglas', 'main', 'satellite', 'building', 'campuses,Aerospace', 'Corp.,Raytheon,', \"NASA'sJet\", 'Propulsion', 'Laboratory,Air', 'Force', 'Space', \"Command'sSpace\", 'and', 'Missile', 'Systems', 'CenteratLos', 'Angeles', 'Air', 'Force', 'Base,Lockheed', 'Martin,BAE', 'Systems,Northrop', 'Grumman,', 'andAECOM,', 'etc.,', 'with', 'a', 'large', 'pool', 'of', 'aerospace', 'engineers', 'and', 'recent', 'college', 'engineering', 'graduates.[159]SpaceX', 'utilizes', 'a', 'high', 'degree', 'ofvertical', 'integrationin', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'its', 'rockets', 'and', 'rocket', 'engines.[27]SpaceX', 'builds', 'itsrocket', 'engines,rocket', 'stages,spacecraft,', 'principalavionicsand', 'allsoftwarein-house', 'in', 'their', 'Hawthorne', 'facility,', 'which', 'is', 'unusual', 'for', 'the', 'aerospace', 'industry.', 'Nevertheless,', 'SpaceX', 'still', 'has', 'over', '3,000', 'suppliers', 'with', 'some', '1,100', 'of', 'those', 'delivering', 'to', 'SpaceX', 'nearly', 'weekly.[162]In', 'June', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'they', 'would', 'construct', 'a', 'facility', 'on', '0.88', 'hectares', '(2.17', 'acres)', 'inPort', 'CanaveralFlorida', 'for', 'refurbishment', 'and', 'storage', 'of', 'previously', 'flown', 'Falcon', '9', 'and', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'booster', 'cores.[163][needs', 'update]Development', 'and', 'test', 'facilities[edit]SpaceX', 'McGregor', 'engine', 'test', 'bunker,', 'September', '2012Main', 'article:SpaceX', 'Rocket', 'Development', 'and', 'Test', 'FacilitySpaceX', 'operates', 'their', 'first', 'Rocket', 'Development', 'and', 'Test', 'Facility', 'inMcGregor,', 'Texas.', 'All', 'SpaceX', 'rocket', 'engines', 'are', 'tested', 'onrocket', 'test', 'stands,', 'and', 'low-altitudeVTVLflight', 'testing', 'of', 'the', 'Falcon', '9Grasshopperv1.0', 'andF9R', 'Dev1test', 'vehicles', 'in', '2013–2014', 'were', 'carried', 'out', 'at', 'McGregor.', '2019', 'low-altitude', 'VTVL', 'testing', 'of', 'the', 'much', 'larger', '9-meter', '(30', 'ft)-diameter\"Starhopper\"is', 'planned', 'to', 'occur', 'at', 'theSpaceX', 'South', 'Texas', 'Launch', 'SitenearBrownsville,', 'Texas,', 'which', 'is', 'currently', 'under', 'construction.[164][165][166]On', 'January', '23,', '2019,', 'strong', 'winds', 'at', 'the', 'Texas', 'test', 'launch', 'site', 'blew', 'over', 'the', 'nose', 'cone', 'over', 'the', 'first', 'test', 'article', 'rocket,', 'causing', 'delays', 'that', 'will', 'take', 'weeks', 'to', 'repair', 'according', 'to', 'SpaceX', 'representatives.[167]In', 'the', 'event,', 'SpaceX', 'decided', 'to', 'forego', 'building', 'another', 'nose', 'cone', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'test', 'article,', 'because', 'at', 'the', 'low', 'velocities', 'planned', 'for', 'that', 'rocket,', 'it', 'was', 'unnecessary.The', 'company', 'purchased', 'the', 'McGregor', 'facilities', 'fromBeal', 'Aerospace,', 'where', 'it', 'refitted', 'the', 'largest', 'test', 'stand', 'forFalcon', '9engine', 'testing.', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'made', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'improvements', 'to', 'the', 'facility', 'since', 'purchase,', 'and', 'has', 'also', 'extended', 'the', 'acreage', 'by', 'purchasing', 'several', 'pieces', 'of', 'adjacent', 'farmland.', 'In', '2011,', 'the', 'company', 'announced', 'plans', 'to', 'upgrade', 'the', 'facility', 'for', 'launch', 'testing', 'a', 'VTVL', 'rocket,[47]and', 'then', 'constructed', 'a', 'half-acre', 'concrete', 'launch', 'facility', 'in', '2012', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'Grasshopper', 'test', 'flight', 'program.[48]As', 'of', 'October', '2012[update],', 'the', 'McGregor', 'facility', 'had', 'seven', 'test', 'stands', 'that', 'are', 'operated', '\"18', 'hours', 'a', 'day,', 'six', 'days', 'a', 'week\"[168]and', 'is', 'building', 'more', 'test', 'stands', 'because', 'production', 'is', 'ramping', 'up', 'and', 'the', 'company', 'has', 'a', 'largemanifestin', 'the', 'next', 'several', 'years.[needs', 'update]In', 'addition', 'to', 'routine', 'testing,', 'Dragon', 'capsules', '(following', 'recovery', 'after', 'an', 'orbital', 'mission),', 'are', 'shipped', 'to', 'McGregor', 'for', 'de-fueling,', 'cleanup,', 'and', 'refurbishment', 'for', 'reuse', 'in', 'future', 'missions.Launch', 'facilities[edit]Main', 'article:SpaceX', 'launch', 'facilitiesSpaceX', 'west', 'coast', 'launch', 'facility', 'atVandenberg', 'Air', 'Force', 'Base,', 'during', 'the', 'launch', 'of', 'CASSIOPE,', 'September', '2013.SpaceX', 'currently', 'operates', 'threeorbitallaunch', 'sites,', 'atCape', 'Canaveral,Vandenberg', 'Air', 'Force', 'Base,', 'andKennedy', 'Space', 'Center,', 'and', 'is', 'under', 'construction', 'on', 'a', 'fourth', 'in', 'Brownsville,', 'Texas.', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'indicated', 'that', 'they', 'see', 'a', 'niche', 'for', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'four', 'orbital', 'facilities', 'and', 'that', 'they', 'have', 'sufficient', 'launch', 'business', 'to', 'fill', 'each', 'pad.[169]The', 'Vandenberg', 'launch', 'site', 'enables', 'highly', 'inclined', 'orbits', '(66–145°),', 'while', 'Cape', 'Canaveral', 'enables', 'orbits', 'of', 'medium', 'inclination,', 'up', 'to', '51.6°.[170]Before', 'it', 'was', 'retired,', 'allFalcon', '1launches', 'took', 'place', 'at', 'theRonald', 'Reagan', 'Ballistic', 'Missile', 'Defense', 'Test', 'SiteonOmelek', 'Island.Cape', 'Canaveral[edit]Cape', 'Canaveral', 'Air', 'Force', 'Station', 'Space', 'Launch', 'Complex', '40(SLC-40)', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'Falcon', '9', 'launches', 'to', 'low', 'Earth', 'and', 'geostationary', 'orbits.', 'SLC-40', 'is', 'not', 'capable', 'of', 'supporting', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'launches.', 'As', 'part', 'of', \"SpaceX's\", 'booster', 'reusability', 'program,', 'the', 'former', 'Launch', 'Complex', '13', 'at', 'Cape', 'Canaveral,', 'now', 'renamedLanding', 'Zone', '1,', 'has', 'been', 'designated', 'for', 'use', 'for', 'Falcon', '9first-stage', 'booster', 'landings.Falcon', '9', 'Flight', '20landing', 'onLanding', 'Zone', '1in', 'December', '2015Vandenberg[edit]Vandenberg', 'Air', 'Force', 'Base', 'Space', 'Launch', 'Complex', '4', 'East(SLC-4E)', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'payloads', 'to', 'polar', 'orbits.', 'The', 'Vandenberg', 'site', 'can', 'launch', 'both', 'Falcon', '9', 'and', 'Falcon', 'Heavy,[171]but', 'cannot', 'launch', 'to', 'low', 'inclination', 'orbits.', 'The', 'neighboring', 'SLC-4W', 'has', 'been', 'converted', 'to', 'Landing', 'Zone', '4,', 'where', 'SpaceX', 'successfully', 'landed', 'one', 'Falcon', '9', 'first-stage', 'booster,', 'in', 'October', '2018.[172]Kennedy', 'Space', 'Center[edit]On', 'April', '14,', '2014,', 'SpaceX', 'signed', 'a', '20-year', 'lease', 'forLaunch', 'Pad', '39A.[173]The', 'pad', 'was', 'subsequently', 'modified', 'to', 'supportFalcon', '9andFalcon', 'Heavylaunches.', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'launched', '13', 'Falcon', '9', 'missions', 'fromLaunch', 'Pad', '39Aand', 'more', 'recently', 'theFalcon', 'HeavyRocket,', 'on', 'April', '11,', '2019.[174][175]SpaceX', 'intends', 'to', 'launch', 'the', 'first', 'crewed', 'missions', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'fromLaunch', 'Pad', '39Ain', '2019.[176]Brownsville[edit]In', 'August', '2014,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'they', 'would', 'be', 'building', 'acommercial-only', 'launch', 'facilityatBrownsville,', 'Texas.[177][178]TheFederal', 'Aviation', 'Administrationreleased', 'a', 'draftEnvironmental', 'Impact', 'Statementfor', 'the', 'proposed', 'Texas', 'facility', 'in', 'April', '2013,', 'and', '\"found', 'that', \"'no\", 'impacts', 'would', \"occur'\", 'that', 'would', 'force', 'the', 'Federal', 'Aviation', 'Administration', 'to', 'deny', 'SpaceX', 'a', 'permit', 'for', 'rocket', 'operations,\"[179][179]and', 'issued', 'the', 'permit', 'in', 'July', '2014.[180]SpaceX', 'started', 'construction', 'on', 'the', 'new', 'launch', 'facility', 'in', '2014', 'with', 'production', 'ramping', 'up', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'half', 'of', '2015,[181]with', 'the', 'firstsuborbitallaunches', 'from', 'the', 'facility', 'in', '2019.[164][165][182]Real', 'estate', 'packages', 'at', 'the', 'location', 'have', 'been', 'named', 'by', 'SpaceX', 'with', 'names', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'theme', '\"Mars', 'Crossing\".[183][184]Satellite', 'prototyping', 'facility[edit]Further', 'information:Starlink', '(satellite', 'constellation)In', 'January', '2015,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'it', 'would', 'be', 'entering', 'the', 'satellite', 'production', 'business', 'and', 'global', 'satellite', 'internet', 'business.', 'The', 'first', 'satellite', 'facility', 'is', 'a', '30,000', 'square', 'foot', '(2800m2)', 'office', 'building', 'located', 'in', 'Redmond,', 'Washington.', 'As', 'of', 'January', '2017,', 'a', 'second', 'facility', 'in', 'Redmond', 'was', 'acquired', 'with', '40,625', 'square', 'feet', '(3800m2)', 'and', 'has', 'become', 'a', 'research', 'and', 'development', 'lab', 'for', 'the', 'satellites.[185]In', 'July', '2016,', 'SpaceX', 'acquired', 'an', 'additional', '740', 'square', 'meters', '(8,000', 'sq', 'ft)', 'creative', 'space', 'inIrvine,', 'California(Orange', 'County)', 'to', 'focus', 'on', 'satellite', 'communications.[186]Launch', 'contracts[edit]Further', 'information:List', 'of', 'Falcon', '9', 'and', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'launchesSpaceX', 'won', 'demonstration', 'and', 'actual', 'supply', 'contracts', 'fromNASAfor', 'theInternational', 'Space', 'Station(ISS)', 'with', 'technology', 'the', 'company', 'developed.', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'also', 'certified', 'forUS', 'militarylaunches', 'ofEvolved', 'Expendable', 'Launch', 'Vehicle-class', '(EELV)', 'payloads.', 'With', 'approximately', '30', 'missions', 'on', 'manifest', 'for', '2018', 'alone,', 'SpaceX', 'represents', 'over', '$12B', 'under', 'contract.[42]NASA', 'contracts[edit]COTS[edit]The', 'COTS', '2', 'Dragon', 'is', 'berthed', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'byCanadarm2.Main', 'article:Commercial', 'Orbital', 'Transportation', 'ServicesIn', '2006,', 'NASA', 'announced', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'had', 'won', 'a', 'NASA', 'Commercial', 'Orbital', 'Transportation', 'Services', '(COTS)', 'Phase', '1', 'contract', 'to', 'demonstrate', 'cargo', 'delivery', 'to', 'the', 'ISS,', 'with', 'a', 'possible', 'contract', 'option', 'for', 'crew', 'transport.[187][188]This', 'contract,', 'designed', 'by', 'NASA', 'to', 'provide', '\"seed', 'money\"', 'through', 'Space', 'Act', 'Agreements', 'for', 'developing', 'new', 'capabilities,', 'NASA', 'paid', 'SpaceX', '$396', 'million', 'to', 'develop', 'the', 'cargo', 'configuration', 'of', 'the', 'Dragon', 'spacecraft,', 'while', 'SpaceX', 'self-invested', 'more', 'than', '$500', 'million', 'to', 'develop', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'launch', 'vehicle.[189]TheseSpace', 'Act', 'Agreementshave', 'been', 'shown', 'to', 'have', 'saved', 'NASA', 'millions', 'of', 'dollars', 'in', 'development', 'costs,', 'making', 'rocket', 'development', '~4-10', 'times', 'cheaper', 'than', 'if', 'produced', 'by', 'NASA', 'alone.[92]In', 'December', '2010,', 'the', 'launch', 'of', 'theCOTS', 'Demo', 'Flight', '1mission,', 'SpaceX', 'became', 'the', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'successfully', 'launch,', 'orbit', 'and', 'recover', 'a', 'spacecraft.[190]Dragon', 'was', 'successfully', 'deployed', 'into', 'orbit,', 'circled', 'the', 'Earth', 'twice,', 'and', 'then', 'made', 'a', 'controlled', 're-entry', 'burn', 'for', 'a', 'splashdown', 'in', 'the', 'Pacific', 'Ocean.', 'With', \"Dragon's\", 'safe', 'recovery,', 'SpaceX', 'became', 'the', 'first', 'private', 'company', 'to', 'launch,', 'orbit,', 'and', 'recover', 'a', 'spacecraft;', 'prior', 'to', 'this', 'mission,', 'only', 'government', 'agencies', 'had', 'been', 'able', 'to', 'recover', 'orbital', 'spacecraft.COTS', 'Demo', 'Flight', '2launched', 'in', 'May', '2012,', 'in', 'which', 'Dragon', 'successfully', 'berthed', 'with', 'the', 'ISS,', 'marking', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'that', 'a', 'private', 'spacecraft', 'had', 'accomplished', 'this', 'feat.[191][192]Commercial', 'cargo[edit]Main', 'article:Commercial', 'Resupply', 'ServicesCommercial', 'Resupply', 'Services', '(CRS)', 'are', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'contracts', 'awarded', 'by', 'NASA', 'from', '2008', 'to', '2016', 'for', 'delivery', 'of', 'cargo', 'and', 'supplies', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'on', 'commercially', 'operated', 'spacecraft.', 'The', 'first', 'CRS', 'contracts', 'were', 'signed', 'in', '2008', 'and', 'awarded', '$1.6', 'billion', 'to', 'SpaceX', 'for', '12', 'cargo', 'transport', 'missions,', 'covering', 'deliveries', 'to', '2016.[193]SpaceX', 'CRS-1,', 'the', 'first', 'of', 'the', '12', 'planned', 'resupply', 'missions,', 'launched', 'in', 'October', '2012,', 'achieved', 'orbit,', 'berthed', 'and', 'remained', 'on', 'station', 'for', '20', 'days,', 'beforere-entering', 'the', 'atmosphereand', 'splashing', 'down', 'in', 'the', 'Pacific', 'Ocean.[194]CRS', 'missions', 'have', 'flown', 'approximately', 'twice', 'a', 'year', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'since', 'then.', 'In', '2015,', 'NASA', 'extended', 'the', 'Phase', '1', 'contracts', 'by', 'ordering', 'an', 'additional', 'three', 'resupply', 'flights', 'from', 'SpaceX.[195][196]After', 'further', 'extensions', 'late', 'in', '2015,', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'currently', 'scheduled', 'to', 'fly', 'a', 'total', 'of', '20', 'missions.[197]A', 'second', 'phase', 'of', 'contracts', '(known', 'as', 'CRS2)', 'were', 'solicited', 'and', 'proposed', 'in', '2014.', 'They', 'were', 'awarded', 'in', 'January', '2016,', 'for', 'cargo', 'transport', 'flights', 'beginning', 'in', '2019', 'and', 'expected', 'to', 'last', 'through', '2024.Commercial', 'crew[edit]Crew', 'Dragon', 'undergoing', 'testing', 'prior', 'to', 'flightMain', 'article:Commercial', 'Crew', 'DevelopmentThe', 'Commercial', 'Crew', 'Development', '(CCDev)', 'program', 'intends', 'to', 'develop', 'commercially', 'operated', 'spacecraft', 'that', 'are', 'capable', 'of', 'delivering', 'astronauts', 'to', 'the', 'ISS.', 'SpaceX', 'did', 'not', 'win', 'aSpace', 'Act', 'Agreementin', 'the', 'first', 'round', '(CCDev', '1),', 'but', 'during', 'the', 'second', 'round', '(CCDev', '2),', 'NASA', 'awarded', 'SpaceX', 'with', 'a', 'contract', 'worth', '$75', 'million', 'to', 'further', 'develop', 'theirlaunch', 'escape', 'system,', 'test', 'a', 'crew', 'accommodations', 'mock-up,', 'and', 'to', 'further', 'progress', 'their', 'Falcon/Dragon', 'crew', 'transportation', 'design.[198][199][200]The', 'CCDev', 'program', 'later', 'became', 'Commercial', 'Crew', 'Integrated', 'Capability', '(CCiCap),', 'and', 'in', 'August', '2012,', 'NASA', 'announced', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'had', 'been', 'awarded', '$440', 'million', 'to', 'continue', 'development', 'and', 'testing', 'of', 'itsDragon', '2spacecraft.[201][202]In', 'September', '2014,', 'NASA', 'chose', 'SpaceX', 'and', 'Boeing', 'as', 'the', 'two', 'companies', 'that', 'will', 'be', 'funded', 'to', 'develop', 'systems', 'to', 'transport', 'U.S.', 'crews', 'to', 'and', 'from', 'the', 'ISS.', 'SpaceX', 'won', '$2.6', 'billion', 'to', 'complete', 'and', 'certify', 'Dragon', '2', 'by', '2017.', 'The', 'contracts', 'include', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'crewed', 'flight', 'test', 'with', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'NASA', 'astronaut', 'aboard.', 'Once', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'achieves', 'NASA', 'certification,', 'the', 'contract', 'requires', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'conduct', 'at', 'least', 'two,', 'and', 'as', 'many', 'as', 'six,', 'crewed', 'missions', 'to', 'the', 'space', 'station.[203]In', 'early', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'was', 'awarded', 'four', 'additional', 'crewed', 'missions', 'to', 'the', 'ISS', 'from', 'NASA', 'to', 'shuttle', 'astronauts', 'back', 'and', 'forth.[204]In', 'early', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'successfully', 'conducted', 'a', 'test', 'flight', 'of', 'Crew', 'Dragon,', 'which', 'it', 'docked', '(instead', 'of', 'Dragon', \"1's\", 'method', 'of', 'berthing', 'using', 'Canadarm', '2)', 'and', 'then', 'splashed', 'down', 'in', 'the', 'Atlantic', 'Ocean.US', 'Defense', 'contracts[edit]In', '2005,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'that', 'it', 'had', 'been', 'awarded', 'anIndefinite', 'Delivery/Indefinite', 'Quantity(IDIQ),', 'allowing', 'theUnited', 'States', 'Air', 'Forceto', 'purchase', 'up', 'to', '$100', 'million', 'worth', 'of', 'launches', 'from', 'the', 'company.[205]In', 'April', '2008,NASAannounced', 'that', 'it', 'had', 'awarded', 'an', 'IDIQ', 'Launch', 'Services', 'contract', 'to', 'SpaceX', 'for', 'up', 'to', '$1', 'billion,', 'depending', 'on', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'missions', 'awarded.', 'The', 'contract', 'covers', 'launch', 'services', 'ordered', 'by', 'June', '2010,', 'for', 'launches', 'through', 'December', '2012.[206]Musk', 'stated', 'in', 'the', 'same', '2008', 'announcement', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'has', 'sold', '14', 'contracts', 'for', 'flights', 'on', 'the', 'variousFalconvehicles.[206]In', 'December', '2012,', 'SpaceX', 'announced', 'its', 'first', 'two', 'launch', 'contracts', 'with', 'theUnited', 'States', 'Department', 'of', 'Defense.', 'TheUnited', 'States', 'Air', 'ForceSpace', 'and', 'Missile', 'Systems', 'Centerawarded', 'SpaceX', 'two', 'EELV-class', 'missions:Deep', 'Space', 'Climate', 'Observatory(DSCOVR)', 'andSpace', 'Test', 'Program', '2(STP-2).', 'DSCOVR', 'was', 'launched', 'on', 'aFalcon', '9launch', 'vehicle', 'in', '2015,', 'while', 'STP-2', 'was', 'launched', 'on', 'aFalcon', 'Heavyon', '25', 'June', '2019.[207]In', 'May', '2015,', 'the', 'United', 'States', 'Air', 'Force', 'announced', 'that', 'theFalcon', '9', 'v1.1was', 'certified', 'fornational', 'security', 'space', 'launch,', 'which', 'allows', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'contract', 'launch', 'services', 'to', 'the', 'Air', 'Force', 'for', 'any', 'payloads', 'classified', 'under', 'national', 'security.[208]This', 'broke', 'the', 'monopoly', 'held', 'since', '2006', 'by', 'ULA', 'over', 'the', 'US', 'Air', 'Force', 'launches', 'of', 'classified', 'payloads.[209]In', 'April', '2016,', 'the', 'U.S.', 'Air', 'Force', 'awarded', 'the', 'first', 'such', 'national', 'security', 'launch,', 'an', '$82.7', 'million', 'contract', 'to', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'launch', 'the', '2ndGPS', 'IIIsatellite', 'in', 'May', '2018;', 'this', 'estimated', 'cost', 'was', 'approximately', '40%', 'less', 'than', 'the', 'estimated', 'cost', 'for', 'similar', 'previous', 'missions.[210][211][212]Prior', 'to', 'this,United', 'Launch', 'Alliancewas', 'the', 'only', 'provider', 'certified', 'to', 'launch', 'national', 'security', 'payloads.[213][213][214]ULA', 'did', 'not', 'submit', 'a', 'bid', 'for', 'the', 'May', '2018', 'launch.[215][216]In', '2016', 'the', 'USNational', 'Reconnaissance', 'Officesaid', 'it', 'had', 'purchased', 'launches', 'from', 'SpaceX', '-', 'the', 'first', '(forNROL-76)', 'took', 'place', 'on', '1', 'May', '2017.[217]In', 'March', '2017', 'SpaceX', 'won', '(vs', 'ULA)', 'with', 'a', 'bid', 'of', '$96.5', 'million', 'for', 'the', '3rd', 'GPS', 'III', 'launch', '(due', 'Feb', '2019).[218]In', 'March', '2018,', 'SpaceX', 'secured', 'an', 'additional', '$290', 'million', 'contract', 'from', 'the', 'U.S.', 'Air', 'Force', 'to', 'launch', 'three', 'next-generation', 'GPS', 'satellites,', 'known', 'as', 'GPS', 'III.', 'The', 'first', 'of', 'these', 'launches', 'is', 'expected', 'to', 'take', 'place', 'in', 'March', '2020.[219]In', 'February', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'secured', 'a', '$297', 'million', 'contract', 'from', 'the', 'US.', 'Air', 'Force', 'to', 'launch', 'three', 'national', 'security', 'missions,', 'including', 'AFSPC-44,NROL-87,', 'andNROL-85,', 'all', 'slated', 'to', 'launch', 'NET', 'FY', '2021.[220]International', 'contracts[edit]Kazakhstan[edit]SpaceX', 'won', 'a', 'contract', 'to', 'launch', \"twoKazakhstan's\", 'satellites', 'aboard', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'launch', 'rocket', 'on', 'a', 'rideshare', 'with', 'other', 'satellites.', 'The', 'takeoff', 'was', 'scheduled', 'for', 'November', '19,', '2018.', 'According', 'to', 'the', 'Kazakh', 'Defence', 'and', 'Aerospace', 'Ministry,', 'the', 'launch', 'from', 'SpaceX', 'would', 'cost', 'the', 'country', '$1.3', 'million.[221]The', 'two', 'small', 'satellites', 'are', 'named', 'KazSaySat', 'and', 'KazistiSat.[222]Launch', 'market', 'competition', 'and', 'pricing', 'pressure[edit]Main', 'article:Space', 'launch', 'market', \"competitionSpaceX's\", 'low', 'launch', 'prices,', 'especially', 'forcommunication', 'satellitesflying', 'togeostationary(GTO)', 'orbit,', 'have', 'resulted', 'inmarket', 'pressureon', 'its', 'competitors', 'to', 'lower', 'their', 'own', 'prices.[27]Prior', 'to', '2013,', 'theopenly', 'competedcomsat', 'launch', 'market', 'had', 'been', 'dominated', 'byArianespace(flyingAriane', '5)', 'andInternational', 'Launch', 'Services(flyingProton).[223]With', 'a', 'published', 'price', 'ofUS$56.5', 'millionper', 'launch', 'tolow', 'Earth', 'orbit,', '\"Falcon', '9', 'rockets', '[were]', 'already', 'the', 'cheapest', 'in', 'the', 'industry.', 'Reusable', 'Falcon', '9s', 'could', 'drop', 'the', 'price', 'by', 'an', 'order', 'of', 'magnitude,', 'sparking', 'more', 'space-based', 'enterprise,', 'which', 'in', 'turn', 'would', 'drop', 'the', 'cost', 'of', 'access', 'to', 'space', 'still', 'further', 'througheconomies', 'of', 'scale.\"[224]SpaceX', 'has', 'publicly', 'indicated', 'that', 'if', 'they', 'are', 'successful', 'with', 'developing', 'thereusable', 'technology,', 'launchpricesin', 'theUS$5', 'to', '7', 'millionrange', 'for', 'the', 'reusable', 'Falcon', '9', 'are', 'possible.[225]In', '2014,', 'SpaceX', 'had', 'won', 'nine', 'contracts', 'out', 'of', '20', 'that', 'were', 'openly', 'competed', 'worldwide', 'in', '2014', 'at', 'commercial', 'launch', 'service', 'providers.[226]Space', 'media', 'reported', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'had', '\"already', 'begun', 'to', 'take', 'market', 'share\"', 'from', 'Arianespace.[227]Arianespace', 'has', 'requested', 'that', 'European', 'governments', 'provide', 'additionalsubsidiesto', 'face', 'the', 'competition', 'from', 'SpaceX.[228][229]Europeansatellite', 'operatorsare', 'pushing', 'theESAto', 'reduceAriane', '5and', 'the', 'futureAriane', '6rocket', 'launch', 'prices', 'as', 'a', 'result', 'of', 'competition', 'from', 'SpaceX.', 'According', 'to', 'oneArianespacemanaging', 'director', 'in', '2015,', 'it', 'was', 'clear', 'that', '\"a', 'very', 'significant', 'challenge', '[was]', 'coming', 'from', 'SpaceX', '...', 'Therefore', 'things', 'have', 'to', 'change', '...', 'and', 'the', 'whole', 'European', 'industry', 'is', 'being', 'restructured,', 'consolidated,', 'rationalised', 'and', 'streamlined.\"[230]Jean', 'Botti,', 'Director', 'of', 'innovation', 'forAirbus(which', 'makes', 'the', 'Ariane', '5)', 'warned', 'that', '\"those', 'who', \"don't\", 'takeElon', 'Muskseriously', 'will', 'have', 'a', 'lot', 'to', 'worry', 'about.\"[231]In', '2014,', 'no', 'commercial', 'launches', 'were', 'booked', 'to', 'fly', 'on', 'the', 'RussianProtonrocket.[226]Also', 'in', '2014,', 'SpaceX', 'capabilities', 'and', 'pricing', 'began', 'to', 'affect', 'the', 'market', 'for', 'launch', 'of', 'US', 'military', 'payloads.', 'For', 'nearly', 'a', 'decade', 'the', 'large', 'US', 'launch', 'providerUnited', 'Launch', 'Alliance(ULA)', 'had', 'faced', 'no', 'competition', 'for', 'military', 'launches.[232]Without', 'this', 'competition,', 'launch', 'costs', 'by', 'the', 'U.S.', 'provider', 'rose', 'to', 'over', '$400', 'million.[233]The', 'ULA', 'monopoly', 'ended', 'when', 'SpaceX', 'began', 'to', 'compete', 'for', 'national', 'security', 'launches.', 'At', 'a', 'side-by-side', 'comparison,', \"SpaceX's\", 'launch', 'costs', 'for', 'commercial', 'missions', 'are', 'considerably', 'lower', 'at', '$62', 'million.[234]In', '2015,', 'anticipating', 'a', 'slump', 'in', 'domestic', 'military', 'and', 'spy', 'launches,', 'ULA', 'stated', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'go', 'out', 'of', 'business', 'unless', 'it', 'won', 'commercial', 'satellite', 'launch', 'orders.[235]To', 'that', 'end,', 'ULA', 'announced', 'a', 'major', 'restructuring', 'of', 'processes', 'and', 'workforce', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'decrease', 'launch', 'costs', 'by', 'half.[236][237]In', '2017,', 'SpaceX', 'had', '45%', 'global', 'market', 'share', 'for', 'awarded', 'commercial', 'launch', 'contracts,', 'the', 'estimate', 'for', '2018', 'is', 'about', '65%', 'as', 'of', 'July', '2018.[238]On', 'January', '11,', '2019,', 'SpaceX', 'issued', 'a', 'statement', 'announcing', 'it', 'would', 'lay', 'off', '10%', 'of', 'its', 'workforce,', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'help', 'finance', 'theStarshipand', 'Starlink', 'projects.[239]See', 'also[edit]List', 'of', 'Falcon', '9', 'and', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'launchesColonization', 'of', 'MarsHuman', 'mission', 'to', 'MarsInterplanetary', 'Transport', 'SystemNewSpacePrivate', 'spaceflightReferences[edit]^\"California', 'Business', 'Search', '(C2414622', '-', 'Space', 'Exploration', 'Technologies', 'Corp)\".', 'California', 'Secretary', 'of', 'State.', 'RetrievedMay', '5,2018..mw-parser-output', 'cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output', '.citation', 'q{quotes:\"\\\\\"\"\"\\\\\"\"\"\\'\"\"\\'\"}.mw-parser-output', '.citation', '.cs1-lock-free', 'a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right', '.1em', 'center}.mw-parser-output', '.citation', '.cs1-lock-limited', 'a,.mw-parser-output', '.citation', '.cs1-lock-registration', 'a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right', '.1em', 'center}.mw-parser-output', '.citation', '.cs1-lock-subscription', 'a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right', '.1em', 'center}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-subscription', 'span,.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-registration', 'span{border-bottom:1px', 'dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-ws-icon', 'a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right', '.1em', 'center}.mw-parser-output', 'code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output', '.cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}^Fred', 'Lambert', '(November', '17,', '2016).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'stake', 'in', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'actually', 'worth', 'more', 'than', 'his', 'Tesla', 'shares\".', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^abFoust,', 'Jeff', '(November', '16,', '2017).\"Shotwell:', 'I', 'was', 'the', '7th', 'employee', 'at', 'SpaceX.', \"We're\", 'up', 'to', 'about', '7,000', 'now.', '#NewSpaceEurope\".', 'RetrievedJanuary', '13,2019.^\"Gwynne', 'Shotwell:', 'Executive', 'Profile', '&', 'Biography\".', 'Bloomberg.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^W.J.', 'Hennigan', '(June', '7,', '2013).\"How', 'I', 'Made', 'It:', 'SpaceX', 'exec', 'Gwynne', 'Shotwell\".', 'Los', 'Angeles', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^SpaceX', 'Tour', '–', 'Texas', 'Test', 'Site.', 'spacexchannel.', 'November', '11,', '2010.', 'RetrievedMay', '23,2012.^\"SpaceX', 'NASA', 'CRS-6', 'PressKit', 'Site\"(PDF).', 'April', '12,', '2015.', 'RetrievedApril', '13,2015.^Kenneth', 'Chang', '(September', '27,', '2016).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'Plan:', 'Get', 'Humans', 'to', 'Mars,', 'and', 'Beyond\".', 'New', 'York', 'Times.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '27,2016.^ab\"Making', 'Life', 'Multi-planetary', '-', 'RELAYTO/\".RELAYTO/.', '2018.', 'RetrievedApril', '4,2018.^Shontell,', 'Alyson.\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Decided', 'To', 'Put', 'Life', 'On', 'Mars', 'Because', 'NASA', \"Wasn't\", 'Serious', 'Enough\".Business', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^Stephen', 'Clark', '(September', '28,', '2008).\"Sweet', 'Success', 'at', 'Last', 'for', 'Falcon', '1', 'Rocket\".', 'Spaceflight', 'Now.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Kenneth', 'Chang', '(May', '25,', '2012).\"Space', 'X', 'Capsule', 'Docks', 'at', 'Space', 'Station\".', 'New', 'York', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMay', '25,2012.^William', 'Graham', '(April', '13,', '2015).\"SpaceX', 'Falcon', '9', 'launches', 'CRS-6', 'Dragon', 'en', 'route', 'to', 'ISS\".', 'NASASpaceFlight.', 'RetrievedMay', '15,2015.^Kirstin', 'Brost', '(April', '19,', '2011).\"SpaceX', 'Wins', 'NASA', 'Contract', 'to', 'Complete', 'Development', 'of', 'Successor', 'to', 'the', 'Space', 'Shuttle\".', 'SpaceX.', 'RetrievedDecember', '8,2015.^\"SpaceXNow,', 'Upcoming', 'Missions\".Spacexnow.com.', 'RetrievedOctober', '22,2018.^\"SpaceX', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'completes', 'first', 'unmanned', 'flight', 'test\".www.indiatvnews.com.', 'March', '9,', '2019.', 'RetrievedMarch', '11,2019.^Matthew', 'Weaver', '(December', '22,', '2015).\"\\'Welcome', 'back,', \"baby':\", 'Elon', 'Musk', 'celebrates', 'SpaceX', 'rocket', 'launch', '–', 'and', 'landing\".', 'the', 'Guardian.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'rocket', 'successfully', 'lands', 'on', 'ocean', 'drone', 'platform', 'for', 'third', 'time\".', 'The', 'Guardian.', 'April', '8,', '2016.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Loren', 'Grush', '(May', '19,', '2016).\"SpaceX', 'successfully', 'lands', 'its', 'Falcon', '9', 'rocket', 'on', 'a', 'floating', 'drone', 'ship', 'again\".', 'The', 'Verge.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Amos,', 'Jonathan.\"Success', 'for', 'SpaceX', \"'re-usable\", 'rocket\\'\".BBC.', 'BBC.', 'RetrievedMarch', '30,2017.^\"Mars', 'Presentation', '|', '2016\".RELAYTO/.', '2018.^September', '18,', 'CBS', 'News;', '2018;', 'Am,', '8:15.\"Elon', 'Musk', 'says', 'moon', 'mission', 'is', '\"dangerous\"', 'but', \"SpaceX's\", 'first', 'passenger', \"isn't\", 'scared\".www.cbsnews.com.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^Miles', \"O'Brien\", '(June', '1,', '2012).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Unedited\".', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'March', '23,', '2017.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^John', 'Carter', 'McKnight', '(September', '25,', '2001).\"Elon', 'Musk,', 'Life', 'to', 'Mars', 'Foundation\".', 'Space', 'Frontier', 'Foundation.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Elon', 'Musk', '(May', '30,', '2009).\"Risky', 'Business\".', 'IEEE', 'Spectrum.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Elon', 'Musk', 'on', 'dodging', 'a', 'nervous', 'breakdown.', 'YouTube.', 'April', '20,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^abcdAndrew', 'Chaikin(January', '2012).\"Is', 'SpaceX', 'Changing', 'the', 'Rocket', 'Equation?\".', 'Air', '&', 'Space', 'Smithsonian.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^abAshlee', 'Vance', '(May', '14,', '2015).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'space', 'dream', 'almost', 'killed', 'Tesla\".', 'Bloomberg.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"How', 'Steve', 'Jurvetson', 'Saved', 'Elon', 'Musk\".Business', 'Insider.', 'September', '14,', '2012.', 'RetrievedJune', '4,2015.^\"SpaceX\".', 'NASA', 'Space', 'Academy', 'at', 'Glenn.', 'RetrievedJune', \"4,2015.^Elon's\", 'SpaceX', 'Tour', '–', 'Engines.', 'YouTube.', 'December', '11,', '2010.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^SpaceX', 'and', 'Daring', 'to', 'Think', 'Big', '–', 'Steve', 'Jurvetson.', 'YouTube.', 'January', '28,', '2015.', 'RetrievedJune', '4,2015.^Michael', 'Belfiore', '(September', '1,', '2009).\"Behind', 'the', 'Scenes', 'With', 'the', \"World's\", 'Most', 'Ambitious', 'Rocket', 'Makers\".', 'Popular', 'Mechanics.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Foust,', 'Jeff', '(November', '14,', '2005).\"Big', 'plans', 'for', 'SpaceX\".', 'The', 'Space', 'Review.^\"Diane', 'Murphy', 'joins', 'SpaceX', 'as', 'Vice', 'President', 'of', 'Marketing', 'and', 'Communications\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'July', '10,', '2008.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'July', '13,', '2010.^Messier,', 'Doug', '(October', '16,', '2013).\"ISPCS', 'Morning', 'Session:', 'Gwynne', 'Shotwell', 'of', 'SpaceX\".', 'RetrievedDecember', '7,2015.Gwynne', 'Shotwell', 'says', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'now', 'up', 'to', 'about', '3,800', 'employees,', 'counting', 'contractors', 'working', 'for', 'the', 'company.', '...', '600', 'more', 'people', 'to', 'hire', 'in', 'next', 'couple', 'months.', 'Finding', 'good', 'software', 'people', 'the', 'hardest', 'skills', 'to', 'fill.^\"SpaceX\\'s', 'Redmond', 'effort', \"'very\", 'speculative\\'\".Seattle', 'Times.', 'November', '7,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Gwynne', 'Shotwell', '(February', '3,', '2016).Gwynne', 'Shotwell', 'comments', 'at', 'Commercial', 'Space', 'Transportation', 'Conference.', 'Commercial', 'Spaceflight.', 'Event', 'occurs', 'at', '2:43:15–3:10:05.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '4,2016.^de', 'Selding,', 'Peter', 'B.', '(April', '14,', '2017).\"Blue', \"Origin's\", 'older', 'than', 'SpaceX', 'in', 'more', 'ways', 'than', 'one\".Space', 'Intel', 'Report.', 'RetrievedApril', '15,2017.^Crosbie,', 'Jackie', '(September', '28,', '2016).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Explains', 'Why', 'SpaceX', 'Only', 'Hires', 'Americans\".^spacexcmsadmin', '(November', '27,', '2012).\"Company\".SpaceX.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^abcd\"Company', '|', 'SpaceX\".', 'SpaceX.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Stephen', 'Clark', '(November', '24,', '2013).\"Sizing', 'up', \"America's\", 'place', 'in', 'the', 'global', 'launch', 'industry\".', 'Spaceflight', 'Now.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'December', '3,', '2013.', 'RetrievedNovember', '25,2013.^Hughes,', 'Tim', '(July', '13,', '2017).\"STATEMENT', 'OF', 'TIM', 'HUGHES', 'SENIOR', 'VICE', 'PRESIDENT', 'FOR', 'GLOBAL', 'BUSINESS', '&', 'GOVERNMENT', 'AFFAIRS', 'SPACE', 'EXPLORATION', 'TECHNOLOGIES', 'CORP.', '(SPACEX)\"(PDF).^\"Space', 'Exploration', 'Technologies', 'Corporation', '–', 'press\".', 'SpaceX.', 'RetrievedDecember', '15,2012.^\"Elon', 'Musk', '—', 'Senate', 'Testimon\".', 'SpaceX.', 'May', '5,', '2004.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'August', '30,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^abDoug', 'Mohney', '(September', '26,', '2011).\"SpaceX', 'Plans', 'to', 'Test', 'Reusable', 'Suborbital', 'VTVL', 'Rocket', 'in', 'Texas\".', 'Satellite', 'Spotlight.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^ab\"Reusable', 'rocket', 'prototype', 'almost', 'ready', 'for', 'first', 'liftoff\".', 'Spaceflight', 'Now.', 'July', '9,', '2012.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Irene', 'Klotz', '(September', '27,', '2011).\"A', 'rocket', 'that', 'lifts', 'off', '—', 'and', 'lands', '—', 'on', 'launch', 'pad\".', 'MSNBC.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^AGENDA', 'ITEM', 'NO.', '9,', 'CITY', 'OF', 'HAWTHORNE', 'CITY', 'COUNCIL,', 'AGENDA', 'BILL,', '11', 'September', '2018,', 'Planning', '&', 'Community', 'Development', 'Department,', 'City', 'of', 'Hawthorne,', 'Accessed', '13', 'September', '2018.^Nelson,', 'Laura', 'J.', '(November', '21,', '2017).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'tunneling', 'company', 'wants', 'to', 'dig', 'through', 'L.A.\"latimes.com.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '13,2018.^Elon', 'Musk', 'posted', 'video', 'of', 'his', 'Boring', 'Company', 'tunnels', 'under', 'LA,', 'saying', 'people', 'can', 'use', 'them', \"'in\", 'a', 'few', \"months'\", 'for', 'freeBusiness', 'Insider,', '11', 'May', '2018,', 'accessed', '20', 'May', '2018.^\"Nothing', \"'Boring'\", 'About', 'Elon', \"Musk's\", 'Newly', 'Revealed', 'Underground', 'Tunnel\".cbslocal.com.', 'May', '11,', '2018.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^abCopeland,', 'Rob', '(December', '17,', '2018).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'New', 'Boring', 'Co.', 'Faced', 'Questions', 'Over', 'SpaceX', 'Financial', 'Ties\".Wall', 'Street', 'Journal.', 'RetrievedDecember', '18,2018.When', 'the', 'Boring', 'Co.', 'was', 'earlier', 'this', 'year', 'spun', 'into', 'its', 'own', 'firm,', 'more', 'than', '90%', 'of', 'the', 'equity', 'went', 'to', 'Mr.', 'Musk', 'and', 'the', 'rest', 'to', 'early', 'employees,', '...', 'The', 'Boring', 'Co.', 'has', 'since', 'given', 'some', 'equity', 'to', 'SpaceX', 'as', 'compensation', 'for', 'the', 'help,', '...', 'about', '6%', 'of', 'Boring', 'stock,', '“based', 'on', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'land,', 'time', 'and', 'other', 'resources', 'contributed', 'since', 'creation', 'of', 'the', 'company,”^\"SpaceX', 'has', 'published', 'Elon', \"Musk's\", 'presentation', 'about', 'colonizing', 'Mars', '—', \"here's\", 'the', 'full', 'transcript', 'and', 'slides\".Business', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^\"Elon', 'Musk', 'revealed', 'a', 'new', 'plan', 'to', 'colonize', 'Mars', 'with', 'giant', 'reusable', 'spaceships', '—', 'here', 'are', 'the', 'highlights\".Business', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^\"Huge', 'Mars', 'Colony', 'Eyed', 'by', 'SpaceX', 'Founder\".', 'Discovery', 'News.', 'December', '13,', '2012.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'November', '15,', '2014.', 'RetrievedMarch', '14,2014.CS1', 'maint:', 'unfit', 'url', '(link)^Rory', 'Carroll', '(July', '17,', '2013).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'mission', 'to', 'Mars\".The', 'Guardian.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '5,2014.^Douglas', 'Messier', '(February', '5,', '2014).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Talks', 'ISS', 'Flights,', 'Vladimir', 'Putin', 'and', 'Mars\".Parabolic', 'Arc.^Berger,', 'Eric', '(September', '28,', '2016).\"Musk\\'s', 'Mars', 'moment:', 'Audacity,', 'madness,', 'brilliance—or', 'maybe', 'all', 'three\".Ars', 'Technica.', 'RetrievedOctober', '13,2016.^Foust,', 'Jeff', '(October', '10,', '2016).\"Can', 'Elon', 'Musk', 'get', 'to', 'Mars?\".SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedOctober', '12,2016.^Boyle,', 'Alan', '(September', '27,', '2016).\"SpaceX\\'s', 'Elon', 'Musk', 'makes', 'the', 'big', 'pitch', 'for', 'his', 'decades-long', 'plan', 'to', 'colonize', 'Mars\".GeekWire.', 'RetrievedOctober', '3,2016.^Mir', 'Juned', 'Hussain.\"The', 'Rise', 'and', 'Rise', 'of', 'SpaceX\".', 'Yaabot.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^ab\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'SpaceX', 'makes', 'history', 'by', 'launching', 'a', \"'flight-proven'\", 'rocket\".Washington', 'Post.', 'RetrievedMarch', '31,2017.^\"SpaceX,', 'In', 'Another', 'First,', 'Recovers', '$6', 'Million', 'Nose', 'Cone', 'From', 'Reused', 'Falcon', '9\".', 'Fortune.com.', 'RetrievedMay', '2,2017.^spacexcmsadmin', '(January', '29,', '2016).\"ZUMA', 'MISSION\".^\"SpaceX', 'Crew', 'Dragon', 'Hatch', 'Open\".NASA', 'Blog.', 'March', '3,', '2019.', 'RetrievedMarch', '3,2019.^Stephen', 'Clark', '(July', '20,', '2015).\"Support', 'strut', 'probable', 'cause', 'of', 'Falcon', '9', 'failure\".', 'Spaceflight', 'Now.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"CRS-7', 'Investigation', 'Update\".', 'SpaceX.', 'July', '20,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'Independent', 'Review', 'Team', '[IRT]', 'SpaceX', 'CRS-7', 'Accident', 'Investigation', 'Report', 'Public', 'Summary\"(PDF).', 'NASA.', 'RetrievedMarch', '12,2018.\"....the', 'key', 'technical', 'finding', 'by', 'the', 'IRT', 'with', 'regard', 'to', 'this', 'failure', 'was', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'due', 'to', 'a', 'design', 'error:', 'SpaceX', 'chose', 'to', 'use', 'an', 'industrial', 'grade', '(as', 'opposed', 'to', 'aerospace', 'grade)', '17-4', 'PH', 'SS', '(precipitation-hardening', 'stainless', 'steel)', 'cast', 'part', '(the', '“Rod', 'End”)', 'in', 'a', 'critical', 'load', 'path', 'under', 'cryogenic', 'conditions', 'and', 'strenuous', 'flight', 'environments.', 'The', 'implementation', 'was', 'done', 'without', 'adequate', 'screening', 'or', 'testing', 'of', 'the', 'industrial', 'grade', 'part,', 'without', 'regard', 'to', 'the', 'manufacturer’s', 'recommendations', 'for', 'a', '4:1', 'factor', 'of', 'safety', 'when', 'using', 'their', 'industrial', 'grade', 'part', 'in', 'an', 'application,', 'and', 'without', 'proper', 'modeling', 'or', 'adequate', 'load', 'testing', 'of', 'the', 'part', 'under', 'predicted', 'flight', 'conditions.', 'This', 'design', 'error', 'is', 'directly', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'CRS-7', 'launch', 'failure', 'as', 'a', '“credible”', 'cause....\"^Samantha', 'Masunaga', 'and', 'Melody', 'Petersen', '(September', '2,', '2016).\"SpaceX', 'rocket', 'exploded', 'in', 'an', 'instant.', 'Figuring', 'out', 'why', 'involves', 'a', 'mountain', 'of', 'data\".', 'LA', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Reem', 'Nasr', '(July', '20,', '2015).\"Musk:', 'This', 'Is', 'What', 'Caused', 'the', 'SpaceX', 'Launch', 'Failure\".', 'CNBC.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'on', 'Twitter:', 'Update', 'on', 'this', \"morning's\", 'anomaly\".', 'Twitter.', 'September', '1,', '2016.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Calandrelli', 'E,', 'Escher', 'A', '(December', '16,', '2016).\"The', 'top', '15', 'events', 'that', 'happened', 'in', 'space', 'in', '2016\".', 'TechCrunch.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Marco', 'Santana', '(September', '6,', '2016).\"SpaceX', 'customer', 'vows', 'to', 'rebuild', 'satellite', 'in', 'explosion', 'aftermath\".', 'Orlando', 'Sentinel.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Samantha', 'Masunaga', '(September', '9,', '2016).\"Elon', 'Musk:', 'Launch', 'pad', 'explosion', 'is', \"'most\", 'difficult', 'and', \"complex'\", 'failure', 'in', \"SpaceX's\", '14', 'years\".', 'LA', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Loren', 'Grush', '(November', '5,', '2016).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'says', 'SpaceX', 'finally', 'knows', 'what', 'caused', 'the', 'latest', 'rocket', 'failure\".', 'The', 'Verge.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Anomaly', 'Updates\".', 'SpaceX.', 'September', '1,', '2016.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Contact', 'lost', 'with', 'three', 'Starlink', 'satellites,', 'other', '57', 'healthy\".SpaceNews.com.', 'July', '1,', '2019.', 'RetrievedJuly', '4,2019.^\"Starlink', 'failures', 'highlight', 'space', 'sustainability', 'concerns\".SpaceNews.com.', 'July', '2,', '2019.', 'RetrievedJuly', '4,2019.^Emily', 'Shanklin', '(August', '4,', '2008).\"SpaceX', 'receives', '$20', 'million', 'investment', 'from', \"Founder's\", 'Fund\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'August', '6,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Caleb', 'Melby', '(March', '12,', '2012).\"How', 'Elon', 'Musk', 'Became', 'A', 'Billionaire', 'Twice', 'Over\".', 'Forbes.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Anticipates', 'Third', 'IPO', 'in', 'Three', 'Years', 'With', 'SpaceX\".', 'Bloomberg.', 'February', '11,', '2012.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Jane', 'Watts', '(April', '27,', '2012).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'on', 'Why', 'SpaceX', 'Has', 'the', 'Right', 'Stuff', 'to', 'Win', 'the', 'Space', 'Race\".', 'CNBC.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Privately-held', 'SpaceX', 'Worth', 'Nearly', '$2.4', 'Billion', 'or', '$20/Share,', 'Double', 'Its', 'Pre-Mission', 'Secondary', 'Market', 'Value', 'Following', 'Historic', 'Success', 'at', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station\".', 'Privco.', 'June', '7,', '2012.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Ricardo', 'Bilton', '(June', '10,', '2012).\"SpaceX\\'s', 'worth', 'skyrockets', 'to', '$4.8B', 'after', 'successful', 'mission\".', 'VentureBeat.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Reuters', '(January', '20,', '2015).\"SpaceX', 'raises', '$1', 'billion', 'in', 'funding', 'from', 'Google,', 'Fidelity\".', 'NewsDaily.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'January', '21,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^Brian', 'Berger', '(January', '20,', '2015).\"SpaceX', 'Confirms', 'Google', 'Investment\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'Is', 'Now', 'One', 'of', 'the', \"World's\", 'Most', 'Valuable', 'Privately', 'Held', 'Companies\".', 'NY', 'Times.', 'July', '27,', '2017.', 'RetrievedNovember', '16,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'overview', 'on', 'secondmarket\".', 'SecondMarket.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'December', '17,', '2012.^\"COMPLETED', 'MISSIONS\".', 'SpaceX.^abZapata,', 'Edgar.\"An', 'Assessment', 'of', 'Cost', 'Improvements', 'in', 'the', 'NASA', 'COTS/CRS', 'Program', 'and', 'Implications', 'for', 'Future', 'NASA', 'Missions\"(PDF).^Winkler,', 'Rolfe;', 'Pasztor,', 'Andy', '(April', '15,', '2019).\"SpaceX', 'Is', 'Raising', '$500', 'Million', 'Amid', 'Internal', 'Questions', 'Over', 'Satellite', 'Internet', 'Business\".Wall', 'Street', 'Journal.ISSN0099-9660.', 'RetrievedApril', '15,2019.^Henry,', 'Caleb', '(May', '24,', '2019).\"SpaceX', 'raises', 'over', '$1', 'billion', 'through', 'two', 'funding', 'rounds\".SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMay', '26,2019.^Henry,', 'Caleb', '(May', '23,', '2019).\"SpaceX', 'launches', '60', 'Starlink', 'satellites,', 'begins', 'constellation', 'buildout\".SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMay', '26,2019.^\"SpaceX', 'valuation', 'rises', 'to', '$33.3', 'billion', 'as', 'investors', 'look', 'to', 'satellite', 'opportunity\".', 'CNBC.', 'May', '31,', '2019.^Sheetz,', 'Michael', '(June', '27,', '2019).\"SpaceX', 'raising', 'over', '$300', 'million', 'as', 'new', 'Ontario', \"Teachers'\", 'tech', 'fund', 'makes', 'its', 'first', 'investment\".CNBC.', 'RetrievedJune', '28,2019.^ab\"Falcon', '9', 'Overview\".', 'SpaceX.', '2011.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'February', '10,', '2007.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"THE', 'SPACE', 'SHUTTLE', 'AND', 'FUTURE', 'SPACE', 'LAUNCH', 'VEHICLES\".Senate', 'Hearing', '108-1001.', 'May', '5,', '2004.^\"SpaceX', 'Successfully', 'Launches', 'Falcon', '1', 'To', 'Orbit\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'September', '28,', '2008.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'January', '26,', '2013.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^\"SpaceX', 'announces', 'the', 'Falcon', '9', 'fully', 'reusable', 'heavy', 'lift', 'launch', 'vehicle\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'September', '8,', '2005.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'March', '26,', '2013.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^abcCanadian', 'Press', '(May', '22,', '2012).\"Private', 'SpaceX', 'rocket', 'blasts', 'off', 'for', 'space', 'station', 'Cargo', 'ship', 'reaches', 'orbit', '9', 'minutes', 'after', 'launch\".', 'CBC', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Falcon', 'Heavy', 'Overview\".', 'Space.', '2011.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'December', '1,', '2011.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Clark', 'Lindsey', '(January', '4,', '2013).\"NewSpace', 'flights', 'in', '2013\".', 'NewSpace', 'Watch.', 'RetrievedJanuary', '3,2013.^spacexcmsadmin', '(November', '15,', '2012).\"Falcon', 'Heavy\".SpaceX.', 'RetrievedApril', '5,2017.^Rituparna', 'Chatterjee', '(April', '7,', '2011).\"Falcon', 'Heavy:', \"World's\", 'most', 'powerful', 'rocket\".', 'Times', 'of', 'India.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Shotwell,', 'Gwynne', '(March', '17,', '2015).\"STATEMENT', 'OF', 'GWYNNE', 'SHOTWELL', 'PRESIDENT', '&', 'CHIEF', 'OPERATING', 'OFFICER', 'SPACE', 'EXPLORATION', 'TECHNOLOGIES', 'CORP.', '(SPACEX)\"(PDF).^Wilkins,', 'Alasdair.\"Tesla,', 'Falcon', '9,', 'Heart', 'of', 'Gold:', 'How', 'Elon', 'Musk', 'Names', 'His', 'Inventions\".Inverse.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^\"SpaceX', 'Draco', 'Thruster', 'Performs', 'Long-Duration', 'Firing', 'and', 'Restart\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'December', '9,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Falcon', '9', 'Launch', 'Vehicle', 'Payload', \"User's\", 'Guide,', '2009\"(PDF).', 'SpaceX.', '2009.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'May', '3,', '2012.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^Colangelo,', 'Anthony.\"Farewell,', 'Red', 'Dragon\".Main', 'Engine', 'Cut', 'Off.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '1,2019.^NSF,', 'Chris', 'B.-', '(July', '25,', '2019).\"Spacex', 'official', 'livestream', '\"Starhopper', 'is', 'a', 'test', 'vehicle', 'that', 'SpaceX', 'is', 'using', 'to', 'help', 'develop', 'its', 'Starship', 'Launch', 'System\"\".@NASASpaceflight.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '7,2019.^\"SpaceX', 'performs', 'first', 'test', 'of', 'Raptor', 'engine\".SpaceNews.com.', 'September', '26,', '2016.', 'RetrievedApril', '28,2017.^Grush,', 'Loren', '(April', '3,', '2019).\"SpaceX', 'just', 'fired', 'up', 'the', 'engine', 'on', 'its', 'test', 'Starship', 'vehicle', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'time\".The', 'Verge.', 'RetrievedApril', '4,2019.^\"Big', 'News!', \"SpaceX's\", 'Starhopper', 'Test', 'Vehicle', 'Completes', 'First', 'Free', 'Flight!\".^Business,', 'Jackie', 'Wattles,', 'CNN.\"SpaceX\\'s', 'Starhopper', 'prototype', 'soars', 'in', '150-meter', \"'hop\", 'test\\'\".CNN.', 'RetrievedAugust', '28,2019.^Michael', 'Belfiore', '(January', '18,', '2005).\"Race', 'for', 'Next', 'Space', 'Prize', 'Ignites\".', 'Wired.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'October', '12,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^abKeith', 'Cowing', '(March', '6,', '2006).\"The', 'SpaceX', 'Dragon:', \"America's\", 'First', 'Privately', 'Financed', 'Manned', 'Orbital', 'Spacecraft?\".', 'SpaceRef.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'selects', 'crew,', 'cargo', 'launch', 'partners\".', 'Spaceflight', 'Now.', 'August', '18,', '2006.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"COTS', 'Demo', 'Flight', '1', 'Press', 'Kit\"(PDF).', 'SpaceX.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Private', 'space', \"capsule's\", 'maiden', 'voyage', 'ends', 'with', 'a', 'splash\".', 'BBC', 'News.', 'December', '8,', '2010.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX\".', 'NASA.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Denise', 'Chow', '(April', '18,', '2011).\"Private', 'Spaceship', 'Builders', 'Split', 'Nearly', '$270', 'Million', 'in', 'NASA', 'Funds\".', 'Space.com.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'December', '18,', '2011.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^abKoenigsmann,', 'Hans', '(January', '17,', '2018).\"STATEMENT', 'OF', 'DR.', 'HANS', 'KOENIGSMANN', 'VICE', 'PRESIDENT,', 'BUILD', 'AND', 'FLIGHT', 'RELIABILITY', 'SPACE', 'EXPLORATION', 'TECHNOLOGIES', 'CORP.', '(SPACEX)\"(PDF).^\"SpaceX', 'delays', 'commercial', 'crew', 'test', 'flights', 'to', 'latter', 'half', 'of', '2018', '-', 'SpaceNews.com\".SpaceNews.com.', 'January', '11,', '2018.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^\"NASA\\'s', 'Commercial', 'Crew', 'Program', 'Target', 'Test', 'Flight', 'Dates\".', 'August', '2,', '2018.', 'RetrievedAugust', '3,2018.^abMike', 'Wall', '(September', '10,', '2015).\"\\'Red', \"Dragon'\", 'Mars', 'Sample-Return', 'Mission', 'Could', 'Launch', 'by', '2022\".', 'Space.com.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Ralph,', 'Eric', '(July', '19,', '2017).\"SpaceX', 'skipping', 'Red', 'Dragon', 'for', '\"vastly', 'bigger', 'ships\"', 'on', 'Mars,', 'Musk', 'confirms\".', 'Teslarati.', 'RetrievedJuly', '29,2017.^Bhargav,', 'Sushant', '(September', '9,', '2017).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Shares', 'the', 'Look', 'of', 'Full-body', \"SpaceX's\", 'Spacesuit\".TechScoop.in.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'February', '7,', '2018.^Martin,', 'Sean', '(August', '24,', '2017).\"REVEALED:', 'The', 'space', 'suit', 'humans', 'on', 'SpaceX', 'rockets', 'will', 'wear', 'to', 'get', 'to', 'MARS\".Express.co.uk.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '14,2017.^Rand', 'Simberg', '(February', '8,', '2012).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'on', \"SpaceX's\", 'Reusable', 'Rocket', 'Plans\".', 'Popular', 'Mechanics.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Jacob', 'Aron', '(January', '17,', '2015).\"SpaceX', 'rocket', 'crashes', 'in', 'first', 'attempted', 'boat', 'landing\".', 'New', 'Scientist.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Elon', 'Musk', '(December', '21,', '2015).\"Background', 'on', \"tonight's\", 'launch\".', 'SpaceX.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^SpaceX', '(April', '8,', '2016).CRS-8', '|', 'First', 'Stage', 'Landing', 'on', 'Droneship.', 'YouTube.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^SpaceX', '(April', '8,', '2016).CRS-8', 'Dragon', 'Hosted', 'Webcast', '–', 'landing', 'clip.', 'YouTube.', 'Event', 'occurs', 'at', '26:58.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Peter', 'B.', 'de', 'Selding', '(October', '5,', '2016).\"SpaceX\\'s', 'Shotwell', 'on', 'Falcon', '9', 'inquiry,', 'discounts', 'for', 'reused', 'rockets', 'and', 'Silicon', \"Valley's\", 'test-and-fail', 'ethos\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'launches', 'first', 'recycled', 'rocket', 'in', 'test', 'of', 'cost-cutting', 'model\".The', 'Globe', 'and', 'Mail.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'March', '31,', '2017.', 'RetrievedMarch', '31,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'successfully', 'launches,', 'lands', 'a', 'recycled', 'rocket\".NBC', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '31,2017.^SpaceX', '(March', '30,', '2017),SES-10', 'Hosted', 'Webcast,', 'retrievedMarch', '31,2017^\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'Mars', 'dream', 'hinges', 'on', 'a', 'giant', 'new', 'rocket\".Engadget.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^\"SpaceX', 'signs', 'first', 'private', 'passenger', 'to', 'fly', 'around', 'the', 'moon\".', 'Reuters.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '14,2018.^\"SpaceX', 'reveals', 'mystery', 'moon', 'passenger,', 'and', \"he's\", 'a', 'billionaire\".', 'CNET.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '18,2018.^\"SpaceX', 'Upcoming', 'Missions\".Spacexnow.com.', 'RetrievedOctober', '13,2018.^Daniel', 'Terdiman', '(March', '9,', '2013).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'at', 'SXSW:', \"'I'd\", 'like', 'to', 'die', 'on', 'Mars,', 'just', 'not', 'on', 'impact\\'\".', 'CNET.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Alex', 'Hern', '(June', '2,', '2016).\"Elon', 'Musk:', \"'Chances\", 'are', \"we're\", 'all', 'living', 'in', 'a', 'simulation\\'\".', 'The', 'Guardian.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Sarah', 'Fecht', '(June', '2,', '2016).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'Wants', 'To', 'Put', 'Humans', 'On', 'Mars', 'By', '2025\".', 'Popular', 'Science.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Here\\'s', 'Why', 'Investor', 'Steve', 'Jurvetson', 'Saved', 'Elon', \"Musk's\", 'Space', 'Dreams\".Business', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedMarch', '2,2018.^Cecilia', 'Kang,', 'Christian', 'Davenport', '(June', '9,', '2015).\"SpaceX', 'founder', 'files', 'with', 'government', 'to', 'provide', 'Internet', 'service', 'from', 'space\".', 'The', 'Washington', 'Post.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Jeff', 'Stone', '(June', '10,', '2015).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'SpaceX', 'Plans', 'To', 'Launch', '4,000', 'Satellites,', 'Broadcasting', 'Internet', 'To', 'Entire', 'World\".', 'International', 'Business', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Peter', 'B.', 'de', 'Selding', '(January', '19,', '2015).\"SpaceX', 'To', 'Build', '4,425', 'Broadband', 'Satellites', 'in', 'Seattle\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Caleb', 'Henry', '(March', '2,', '2017).\"FCC', 'gets', 'five', 'new', 'applications', 'for', 'non-geostationary', 'satellite', 'constellations\".', 'Space', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^SpaceX', 'Services', 'Application', 'for', 'Blanket-licensed', 'Earth', 'stations,', 'SES-LIC-INTR2019-00217,', 'SpaceX,', '1', 'February', '2019,', 'accessed', '9', 'February', '2019.^\"Falcon', '9', 'launches', 'first', 'Starlink', 'mission', '–', 'heaviest', 'payload', 'launch', 'by', 'SpaceX', 'to', 'date', '–', 'NASASpaceFlight.com\".', 'RetrievedJuly', '4,2019.^Alan', 'Boyle', '(June', '15,', '2015).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'SpaceX', 'Plans', 'Hyperloop', 'Pod', 'Races', 'at', 'California', 'HQ', 'in', '2016\".', 'NBC.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Spacex', 'Hyperloop', 'Pod', 'Competition\"(PDF).', 'SpaceX.', 'June', '2015.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'July', '14,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^Muoio,', 'Danielle', '(January', '27,', '2017).\"Elon', \"Musk's\", 'Hyperloop', 'contest', 'is', 'happening', 'this', 'weekend', '—', \"here's\", 'a', 'look', 'at', 'all', 'the', 'competing', 'pods\".Business', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedJanuary', '28,2017.^Boyle,', 'Alan', '(August', '27,', '2017).\"Germany\\'s', 'WARR', 'team', 'wins', \"SpaceX's\", 'Hyperloop', 'II', 'race', 'with', '201-mph', 'pod', 'run\".GeekWire.', 'US.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '26,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'Hyperloop', 'website\".', 'SpaceX.', 'September', '10,', '2017.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'September', '10,', '2017.', 'RetrievedSeptember', '11,2017.^abMichael', 'Belfiore', '(January', '20,', '2012).\"Inside', 'SpaceX:', 'We', 'Visit', 'the', \"Company's\", 'California', 'Headquarters', '–', 'Slide', '3\".', 'Popular', 'Mechanics.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Berger,', 'Eric', '(March', '19,', '2018).\"SpaceX', 'indicates', 'it', 'will', 'manufacture', 'the', 'BFR', 'rocket', 'in', 'Los', 'Angeles\".arsTechnica.', 'RetrievedMarch', '21,2018.^Masunaga,', 'Samantha.\"SpaceX', 'may', 'have', 'big', 'manufacturing', 'plans', 'for', 'the', 'Port', 'of', 'Los', 'Angeles\".latimes.com.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^Gwynne', 'Shotwell', '(June', '4,', '2014).Discussion', 'with', 'Gwynne', 'Shotwell,', 'President', 'and', 'COO,', 'SpaceX.', 'Atlantic', 'Council.', 'Event', 'occurs', 'at', '37:50–38:58.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.We', 'are', 'vertically', 'integrated.', '...', 'Metal—in', 'sheet', 'format,', 'in', 'wire', 'format,', 'and', 'in', 'block', 'format—comes', 'into', 'our', 'Hawthorne', 'facility', 'and', 'rocket', 'stages', 'roll', 'out.', '...', 'eliminating', 'the', 'exponential', 'G&A', 'and', 'fee', 'additions', '[that', 'are', 'experienced', 'when', 'you', 'have]', 'multiple', 'layers', 'of', 'integration.', '...', 'For', 'every', 'dollar', 'that', 'comes', 'in', 'we', 'spend', '[about]', '63', 'cents', 'of', 'each', 'dollar', 'of', 'revenue', 'on', 'subcontractors', 'and', 'suppliers,', '[but', 'at]', 'a', 'lower-level', 'of', 'integration', '(wires,', 'connectors,', 'raw', 'materials).^Speck,', 'Emilee', '(June', '28,', '2017).\"Port', 'Authority', 'approves', 'SpaceX', 'hangar', 'for', 'rocket', 'storage\".ClickOrlando.com.', 'RetrievedMay', '11,2018.^abRalph,', 'Eric', '(December', '24,', '2018).\"SpaceX', 'CEO', 'Elon', 'Musk:', 'Starship', 'prototype', 'to', 'have', '3', 'Raptors', 'and', '\"mirror', 'finish\"\".Teslarati.', 'RetrievedDecember', '24,2018.^abFoust,', 'Jeff', '(December', '24,', '2018).\"Musk', 'teases', 'new', 'details', 'about', 'redesigned', 'next-generation', 'launch', 'system\".SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedJanuary', '13,2019.^Murphy,', 'Mike', '(January', '10,', '2019).\"Elon', 'Musk', 'shows', 'off', \"SpaceX's\", 'massive', 'Starship', 'test', 'rocket\".MarketWatch.', 'RetrievedJanuary', '12,2019.^Mosher,', 'Dave', '(January', '23,', '2019).\"SpaceX\\'s', 'giant', 'rocket', 'ship', 'was', 'blown', 'over', 'and', 'damaged', 'by', 'powerful', 'winds', 'in', 'Texas', '—', 'and', 'Elon', 'Musk', 'says', 'repairs', 'will', 'take', 'weeks\".Business', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedJanuary', '23,2019.^Jason', 'Paur', '(October', '10,', '2012).\"Inside', \"SpaceX's\", 'Texas', 'Rocket-Testing', 'Facility\".', 'Wired.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Irene', 'Klotz', '(August', '2,', '2013).\"SpaceX', 'Appetite', 'for', 'U.S.', 'Launch', 'Sites', 'Grows\".', 'Space', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Falcon', '9', 'Launch', 'Vehicle', '-', 'PAYLOAD', \"USER'S\", 'GUIDE\"(PDF).', 'SpaceX.', 'October', '21,', '2015.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'original(PDF)on', 'November', '15,', '2018.^Chris', 'Bergin', '(April', '5,', '2011).\"SpaceX:', 'Falcon', 'Heavy,', 'Falcon', '9', 'tag', 'team', 'set', 'to', 'share', '20', 'launches', 'a', 'year\".', 'NASASpaceFlight.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'Falcon', '9', 'launches', 'with', 'SAOCOM', '1A', 'and', 'nails', 'first', 'West', 'Coast', 'landing', '–', 'NASASpaceFlight.com\".', 'RetrievedFebruary', '11,2019.^Granath,', 'Bob', '(March', '24,', '2015).\"NASA,', 'SpaceX', 'Sign', 'Property', 'Agreement', 'for', 'Historic', 'Launch', 'Pad\".NASA.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^Tribou,', 'Richard', '(April', '18,', '2019).\"Battered', 'SpaceX', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'booster', 'knocked', 'over', 'at', 'sea', 'returns', 'to', 'Port', 'Canaveral\".Orlando', 'Sentinel.', 'RetrievedApril', '18,2019.^\"SpaceX', 'to', 'Launch', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'Rocket', '#Nasa', '@Kennedy', 'Space', 'Center,', '5:35pm\".YouTube.', 'RetrievedApril', '18,2019.^\"NASA,', 'Partners', 'Update', 'Commercial', 'Crew', 'Launch', 'Dates', '–', 'Commercial', 'Crew', 'Program\".blogs.nasa.gov.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '11,2019.^\"Gov.', 'Perry', 'Announces', 'State', 'Incentives', 'Bringing', 'SpaceX', 'Commercial', 'Launch', 'Facility,', '300', 'Jobs', 'to', 'the', 'Brownsville', 'Area\".', 'Office', 'of', 'the', 'Governor', 'Rick', 'Perry.', 'August', '4,', '2014.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'August', '29,', '2014.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^Eric', 'Berger', '(August', '4,', '2014).\"Texas,', 'SpaceX', 'announce', 'spaceport', 'deal', 'near', 'Brownsville\".', 'MySanAntonio.com.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^abLaura', 'B.', 'Martinez', '(April', '15,', '2013).\"FAA', 'shares', 'SpaceX', 'EIS', 'report\".', 'The', 'Brownsville', 'Herald.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Leonard', 'David', '(July', '15,', '2014).\"SpaceX', 'receives', 'FAA', 'approval', 'for', 'proposed', 'spaceport', 'in', 'Texas\".', 'CBS', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Jeff', 'Foust', '(September', '22,', '2014).\"SpaceX', 'Breaks', 'Ground', 'on', 'Texas', 'Spaceport\".', 'Space', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Jeff', 'Foust', '(April', '1,', '2013).\"The', 'great', 'state', 'space', 'race\".', 'The', 'Space', 'Review.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Emma', 'Perez-Treviño', '(June', '24,', '2014).\"Mars', 'theme', 'returns', 'in', 'SpaceX', 'land', 'purchases\".', 'Valley', 'Morning', 'Star.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Emma', 'Perez-Treviño', '(October', '23,', '2014).\"SpaceX', 'land', 'holdings', 'grow\".', 'Valley', 'Morning', 'Star.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'adds', 'a', 'big', 'new', 'lab', 'to', 'its', 'satellite', 'development', 'operation', 'in', 'Seattle', 'area\".GeekWire.', 'January', '27,', '2017.', 'RetrievedOctober', '11,2018.^Gene', '(July', '8,', '2016).\"SpaceX', 'expands', 'to', 'new', '8,000', 'sqft', 'office', 'space', 'in', 'Orange', 'County,', 'CA\".', 'Teslarati.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Dennis', 'Stone,', '\"NASA\\'s', 'Approach', 'to', 'Commercial', 'cargo', 'and', 'Crew', 'Transportation,Acta', 'Astronautica63,', 'No.', '1-4', '(2008):192-97.\"^\"SpaceX', 'wins', 'NASA', 'COTS', 'contract', 'to', 'demonstrate', 'cargo', 'delivery', 'to', 'Space', 'Station', 'with', 'option', 'for', 'crew', 'transport\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'August', '18,', '2006.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^AtlanticCouncil', '(June', '4,', '2014),Discussion', 'with', 'Gwynne', 'Shotwell,', 'President', 'and', 'COO,', 'SpaceX,', 'retrievedMarch', '29,2018^\"Mission', 'Status', 'Center\".', 'SpaceFlightNow.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Brendan', 'McGarry', '(May', '25,', '2012).\"SpaceX', 'Becomes', 'First', 'Company', 'to', 'Dock', 'Ship', 'at', 'Space', 'Station\".', 'The', 'San', 'Francisco', 'Chronicle.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'May', '26,', '2012.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^Kenneth', 'Chang', '(May', '22,', '2012).\"Big', 'Day', 'for', 'a', 'Space', 'Entrepreneur', 'Promising', 'More\".', 'The', 'New', 'York', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'selects', \"SpaceX's\", 'Falcon', '9', 'booster', 'and', 'Dragon', 'spacecraft', 'for', 'cargo', 'resupply', 'services', 'to', 'the', 'International', 'Space', 'Station\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'December', '23,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'Celebrates', \"Dragon's\", 'Return\".', 'NASA.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Chris', 'Bergin', '(March', '3,', '2015).\"NASA', 'lines', 'up', 'four', 'additional', 'CRS', 'missions', 'for', 'Dragon', 'and', 'Cygnus\".', 'NASASpaceFlight.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Jason', 'Rhian', '(September', '27,', '2014).\"NASA', 'continues', 'Commercial', '\"push\"', 'with', 'CRS', 'extension\".', 'Spaceflight', 'Insider.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Peter', 'B.', 'de', 'Selding', '(February', '24,', '2016).\"SpaceX', 'wins', '5', 'new', 'space', 'station', 'cargo', 'missions', 'in', 'NASA', 'contract', 'estimated', 'at', '$700', 'million\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Private', 'Space', \"Taxi's\", 'Crew', 'Escape', 'System', 'Passes', 'Big', 'Hurdle\".', 'Space.com.', 'October', '28,', '2011.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"SpaceX', 'Proposal', 'for', 'Commercial', 'Crew', 'Development', 'Round', '2\"(PDF).', 'NASA.', '2011.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'original(PDF)on', 'June', '12,', '2012.', 'RetrievedMarch', '19,2012.^Frank,', 'Jr.', 'Morring', '(April', '25,', '2011).\"Five', 'Vehicles', 'Vie', 'For', 'Future', 'Of', 'U.S.', 'Human', 'Spaceflight\".', 'Aviation', 'Week.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'Announces', 'Next', 'Steps', 'in', 'Effort', 'to', 'Launch', 'Americans', 'from', 'U.S.', 'Soil\".', 'NASA.', 'August', '3,', '2012.', 'Archived', 'fromthe', 'originalon', 'March', '19,', '2017.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Zach', 'Rosenberg', '(March', '2,', '2012).\"SpaceX', 'finishes', 'crucial', 'dress', 'rehearsal', 'before', 'space', 'station', 'launch\".', 'FlightGlobal.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'Chooses', 'American', 'Companies', 'to', 'Transport', 'U.S.', 'Astronauts', 'to', 'International', 'Space', 'Station\".', 'NASA.', 'September', '16,', '2014.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"NASA', 'awards', 'SpaceX', 'with', 'crew', 'missions', 'to', 'International', 'Space', 'Station\".www.teslarati.com.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^\"SpaceX', 'Awarded', '$100', 'Million', 'Contract', 'From', 'U.S.', 'Air', 'Force', 'for', 'Falcon', 'I\"(Press', 'release).', 'SpaceX.', 'May', '2,', '2005.', 'Archived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'on', 'August', '30,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.CS1', 'maint:', 'BOT:', 'original-url', 'status', 'unknown', '(link)^ab\"NASA', 'Awards', 'Launch', 'Services', 'Contract', 'to', 'SpaceX\"(Press', 'release).', 'NASA.', 'April', '22,', '2008.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^SpaceX’s', 'very', 'first', 'Falcon', 'Heavy', 'launch', 'set', 'for', 'this', 'November.', 'Darrell', 'Etherington.', 'Jul', '27,', '2017^\"Air', \"Force's\", 'Space', 'and', 'Missile', 'Systems', 'Center', 'Certifies', 'SpaceX', 'for', 'National', 'Security', 'Space', 'Missions\".', 'USAF.', 'May', '26,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"U.S.', 'Air', 'Force', 'certifies', 'SpaceX', 'for', 'national', 'security', 'launches\".', 'May', '26,', '2015.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019–', 'via', 'www.reuters.com.^\"SpaceX', 'undercut', 'ULA', 'rocket', 'launch', 'pricing', 'by', '40', 'percent:', 'U.S.', 'Air', 'Force\".', 'Reuters.', 'April', '28,', '2016.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Calendrelli', 'E,', 'Escher', 'A', '(December', '16,', '2016).\"The', 'top', '15', 'events', 'that', 'happened', 'in', 'space', 'in', '2016\".', 'TechCrunch.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Mike', 'Gruss', '(April', '27,', '2016).\"SpaceX', 'wins', '$82', 'million', 'contract', 'for', '2018', 'Falcon', '9', 'launch', 'of', 'GPS', '3', 'satellite\".', 'Space', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^ab\"Air', 'Force', 'Certifies', 'SpaceX', 'for', 'Missions,', 'Ends', 'Launch', 'Monopoly\".', 'Fox', 'News.', 'May', '27,', '2015.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Christian', 'Davenport', '(May', '26,', '2015).\"Air', 'Force', 'certifies', 'Elon', \"Musk's\", 'SpaceX', 'to', 'launch', 'national', 'security', 'missions\".', 'Washington', 'Post.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"ULA', 'Punts', 'on', 'GPS', '3', 'Launch', 'Contract', 'Long', 'Sought', 'by', 'SpaceX\".SpaceNews.com.', 'November', '16,', '2015.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^Gruss,', 'Mike', '(February', '4,', '2016).\"Pentagon', 'disputes', 'ULA', 'claim', 'on', 'why', 'it', \"didn't\", 'bid', 'for', 'GPS', '3', 'launch\".SpaceNews.com.^\"SpaceX', 'prepares', 'for', 'its', 'first', 'big', 'NRO', 'launch\".SpaceNews.com.', 'April', '26,', '2017.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^\"SpaceX\\'s', 'low', 'cost', 'won', 'GPS', '3', 'launch,', 'Air', 'Force', 'says\".SpaceNews.com.', 'March', '15,', '2017.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '2,2019.^\"ULA,', 'SpaceX', 'secure', 'nearly', '$650', 'million', 'in', 'Air', 'Force', 'launch', 'contracts\".Florida', 'Today.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^Erwin,', 'Sandra', '(February', '19,', '2019).\"Air', 'Force', 'awards', '$739', 'million', 'in', 'launch', 'contracts', 'to', 'ULA', 'and', 'SpaceX\".Space', 'News.', 'RetrievedFebruary', '19,2019.^\"Transporting', 'two', 'Kazakh', 'satellites', 'aboard', 'Falcon', '9', 'will', 'cost', '$1.3', 'million\".astanatimes.com.^Kazakhstan', 'chooses', 'SpaceX', 'over', 'a', 'Russian', 'rocket', 'for', 'satellite', 'launch.', 'Eric', 'Berger,Ars', 'Technica.6', 'November', '2018.^Jonathan', 'Amos', '(December', '3,', '2013).\"SpaceX', 'launches', 'SES', 'commercial', 'TV', 'satellite', 'for', 'Asia\".', 'BBC', 'News.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Michael', 'Belfiore', '(December', '9,', '2013).\"The', 'Rocketeer\".', 'Foreign', 'Policy.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Doug', 'Messier', '(January', '14,', '2014).\"Shotwell:', 'Reusable', 'Falcon', '9', 'Would', 'Cost', '$5', 'to', '$7', 'Million', 'Per', 'Launch\".', 'Parabolic', 'Arc.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^abPeter', 'B.', 'de', 'Selding', '(January', '12,', '2015).\"Arianespace,', 'SpaceX', 'Battled', 'to', 'a', 'Draw', 'for', '2014', 'Launch', 'Contracts\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Peter', 'B.', 'de', 'Selding', '(April', '14,', '2014).\"Europe\\'s', 'Satellite', 'Operators', 'Urge', 'Swift', 'Development', 'of', 'Ariane', '6\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Amy', 'Svitak', '(February', '11,', '2014).\"Arianespace', 'To', 'ESA:', 'We', 'Need', 'Help\".', 'Aviation', 'Week.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Peter', 'B.', 'de', 'Selding', '(April', '14,', '2014).\"Satellite', 'Operators', 'Press', 'ESA', 'for', 'Reduction', 'in', 'Ariane', 'Launch', 'Costs\".', 'SpaceNews.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^David', 'Ramli', '(May', '19,', '2015).\"NBN', 'launcher', 'Arianespace', 'to', 'cut', 'jobs', 'and', 'costs', 'to', 'fight', 'SpaceX\".', 'The', 'Sydney', 'Morning', 'Herald', 'BusinessDay.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^François', 'Némo', '(June', '3,', '2015).\"Airbus', 'dans', 'la', 'Silicon', 'Valley', ':', 'une', 'occasion', 'manquée', 'pour', 'l\\'Europe\"(in', 'French).', 'lesechos.fr.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Melody', 'Petersen', '(November', '25,', '2014).\"SpaceX', 'may', 'upset', \"firm's\", 'monopoly', 'in', 'launching', 'Air', 'Force', 'satellites\".', 'Los', 'Angeles', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"Air', 'Force', 'budget', 'reveals', 'how', 'much', 'SpaceX', 'undercuts', 'launch', 'prices\".Ars', 'Technica.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^spacexcmsadmin', '(November', '27,', '2012).\"Capabilities', '&', 'Services\".SpaceX.', 'RetrievedMarch', '29,2018.^Andrea', 'Shalal', '(May', '21,', '2015).\"Lockheed-Boeing', 'rocket', 'venture', 'needs', 'commercial', 'orders', 'to', 'survive\".', 'Yahoo.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Greg', 'Avery', '(December', '14,', '2014).\"ULA', 'plans', 'new', 'rocket,', 'restructuring', 'to', 'cut', 'launch', 'costs', 'in', 'half\".', 'Denver', 'Business', 'Journal.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^Melody', 'Petersen', '(October', '16,', '2014).\"Congress', 'OKs', 'bill', 'banning', 'purchases', 'of', 'Russian-made', 'rocket', 'engines\".', 'LA', 'Times.', 'RetrievedMarch', '1,2017.^\"As', 'the', 'SpaceX', 'steamroller', 'surges,', 'European', 'rocket', 'industry', 'vows', 'to', 'resist\".', 'July', '20,', '2018.', 'RetrievedJuly', '21,2018.^Wattles,', 'Jackie', '(January', '11,', '2019).\"SpaceX', 'to', 'lay', 'off', '10%', 'of', 'its', 'workers\".CNN.External', 'links[edit]Wikimedia', 'Commons', 'has', 'media', 'related', 'toSpaceX.Wikinews', 'has', 'news', 'related', 'to:SpaceXQuotations', 'related', 'toSpaceXat', 'WikiquoteOfficial', 'websiteSpaceXonTwitter&Elon', 'MuskonTwitterSpaceX', \"Instagram&Musk's\", 'InstagramSpaceX', 'YouTubevteSpaceXHistory', 'of', 'SpaceXVehiclesRocketsCurrentFalcon', '9\"Full', 'Thrust\"', 'Block', '5Falcon', 'HeavyIn', 'developmentStarship*Super', 'HeavyRetiredFalcon', '1Falcon', '9v1.0v1.1\"Full', 'Thrust\"', 'v1.2·Block', '4CanceledFalcon', '1e*Falcon', '5*F9R', 'Dev2*Falcon', '9', 'Air*ITS', 'launch', 'vehicle*BFR*Test', 'vehiclesGrasshopper(retired)F9R', 'Dev1†', '(destroyed)DragonFly(retired)Starhopper(retired)Starship', 'Mk1*', '(under', 'construction)Starship', 'Mk2*', '(under', 'construction)SpacecraftCargoDragonStarship', 'cargo*Starship', 'tanker*CrewedDragon', '2Starship*Reusable', 'hardwareFirst-stage', 'boostersIndividual', 'booster', 'articlesCargo', 'capsulesC106EnginesKestrel(retired)Merlin(1A,', '1B,', '1C,', '1D,', 'Vacuum)DracoSuperDracoRaptorMethalox', 'thruster*MissionsFalcon', '1', 'launchesFalcon', '9', 'launchesFalcon', 'Heavy', 'launchestest', 'flightdearMoon', 'project*Launch', 'sitesOrbitalCape', 'Canaveral(Florida)CCAFS', 'Launch', 'Complex', '40Kennedy', 'Launch', 'Pad', '39AVandenberg(California)Launch', 'Complex', '4EKwajalein(Marshall', 'Islands)Omelek', 'Island†AtmosphericMcGregor', 'test', 'siteNew', 'Mexico', 'test', 'site†Brownsville,', 'TexasBoca', 'ChicaLanding', 'sitesAutonomous', 'spaceport', 'drone', 'shipsLanding', 'ZonesLZ-1at', 'Cape', 'CanaveralLZ-2at', 'Cape', 'CanaveralLZ-4at', 'VandenbergOther', 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      "2016,:10\n",
      "ofCRS-8,:1\n",
      "vertically:2\n",
      "landed:7\n",
      "stage:20\n",
      "oceandrone:1\n",
      "shiplanding:1\n",
      "platform.[18]In:1\n",
      "another:4\n",
      "first,:1\n",
      "stage,:3\n",
      "significantly:1\n",
      "energeticgeostationary:1\n",
      "transfer:2\n",
      "orbitmission.[19]In:1\n",
      "2017,:10\n",
      "became:5\n",
      "re-launch:2\n",
      "land:6\n",
      "rocket.[20]In:1\n",
      "September:20\n",
      "CEOElon:2\n",
      "Muskunveiled:1\n",
      "theInterplanetary:1\n",
      "Transport:5\n",
      "System,:1\n",
      "funded:4\n",
      "initiative:1\n",
      "use:7\n",
      "crewedinterplanetary:1\n",
      "spaceflight.:1\n",
      "In:9\n",
      "unveiled:1\n",
      "updated:1\n",
      "configuration:2\n",
      "system,:3\n",
      "namedStarship:1\n",
      "Super:1\n",
      "Heavy,:3\n",
      "planned:4\n",
      "fully:6\n",
      "largest:3\n",
      "ever:2\n",
      "debut,:1\n",
      "currently:6\n",
      "scheduled:4\n",
      "early:12\n",
      "2020s.[21][22]Contents1History1.1Goals1.2Achievements1.3Setbacks1.4Ownership,:1\n",
      "funding:6\n",
      "valuation2Hardware2.1Launch:1\n",
      "vehicles2.2Rocket:1\n",
      "engines2.3Spacecraft3Research:1\n",
      "development3.1Reusable:1\n",
      "system3.2Interplanetary:1\n",
      "System:3\n",
      "BFR:5\n",
      "Starship3.3Other:1\n",
      "projects4Infrastructure4.1Headquarters,:1\n",
      "manufacturing:5\n",
      "refurbishment:5\n",
      "facilities4.2Development:1\n",
      "test:38\n",
      "facilities4.3Launch:1\n",
      "facilities4.3.1Cape:1\n",
      "Canaveral4.3.2Vandenberg4.3.3Kennedy:1\n",
      "Center4.3.4Brownsville4.4Satellite:1\n",
      "prototyping:2\n",
      "facility5Launch:1\n",
      "contracts5.1NASA:1\n",
      "contracts5.1.1COTS5.1.2Commercial:1\n",
      "cargo5.1.3Commercial:1\n",
      "crew5.2US:1\n",
      "Defense:3\n",
      "contracts5.3International:1\n",
      "contracts5.3.1Kazakhstan6Launch:1\n",
      "market:8\n",
      "competition:6\n",
      "pricing:4\n",
      "pressure7See:1\n",
      "also8References9External:1\n",
      "linksHistory[edit]Main:1\n",
      "article:History:1\n",
      "SpaceXSpaceX:1\n",
      "employees:3\n",
      "capsule:5\n",
      "HQ:2\n",
      "Hawthorne,:3\n",
      "California,:2\n",
      "2015In:1\n",
      "2001,Elon:1\n",
      "MuskconceptualizedMars:1\n",
      "Oasis,:1\n",
      "project:2\n",
      "miniature:1\n",
      "experimental:1\n",
      "greenhouse:1\n",
      "growplantson:1\n",
      "Mars.:2\n",
      "\"This:1\n",
      "furthest:1\n",
      "life’s:1\n",
      "traveled\"[23]in:1\n",
      "attempt:2\n",
      "regain:1\n",
      "public:2\n",
      "interest:2\n",
      "increase:2\n",
      "thebudget:1\n",
      "NASA.[24][25][26]Musk:1\n",
      "tried:1\n",
      "buy:1\n",
      "cheap:1\n",
      "rockets:10\n",
      "Russia:1\n",
      "returned:3\n",
      "empty-handed:1\n",
      "failing:1\n",
      "find:1\n",
      "affordable:2\n",
      "price.[27][28]On:1\n",
      "home,:1\n",
      "realized:1\n",
      "could:7\n",
      "start:1\n",
      "build:6\n",
      "needed.[28]According:1\n",
      "earlyTeslaand:1\n",
      "investorSteve:1\n",
      "Jurvetson,[29]Musk:1\n",
      "calculated:1\n",
      "raw:2\n",
      "materials:1\n",
      "building:7\n",
      "actually:2\n",
      "three:9\n",
      "percent:2\n",
      "sales:1\n",
      "price:5\n",
      "time.:1\n",
      "By:5\n",
      "applyingvertical:1\n",
      "integration,[27]producing:1\n",
      "85%:1\n",
      "hardware:2\n",
      "in-house,[30][31]and:1\n",
      "modular:1\n",
      "approach:1\n",
      "software:2\n",
      "engineering,:1\n",
      "cut:3\n",
      "factor:3\n",
      "ten:4\n",
      "still:3\n",
      "enjoy:1\n",
      "70%gross:1\n",
      "margin.[32]Launch:1\n",
      "Falcon:64\n",
      "carrying:3\n",
      "ORBCOMM:1\n",
      "OG2-M1In:1\n",
      "2002,:2\n",
      "seeking:1\n",
      "staff:1\n",
      "new:15\n",
      "company,:2\n",
      "soon:1\n",
      "named:3\n",
      "SpaceX.:25\n",
      "approached:1\n",
      "engineerTom:1\n",
      "Mueller(later:1\n",
      "SpaceX's:21\n",
      "CTO:1\n",
      "Propulsion):1\n",
      "Mueller:1\n",
      "agreed:1\n",
      "work:3\n",
      "Musk,:2\n",
      "thus:2\n",
      "born.[33]SpaceX:1\n",
      "warehouse:1\n",
      "inEl:1\n",
      "Segundo,:1\n",
      "grew:1\n",
      "rapidly,:1\n",
      "160:1\n",
      "2005:1\n",
      "1,100:3\n",
      "2010,[34][35]3,800:1\n",
      "contractors:2\n",
      "2013,[36]nearly:1\n",
      "5,000:1\n",
      "late:7\n",
      "2015,[37][38]and:1\n",
      "6,000:1\n",
      "2017.[39]As:1\n",
      "2017[update],:2\n",
      "grown:1\n",
      "nearly:6\n",
      "7,000.[3]In:1\n",
      "gave:1\n",
      "speech:1\n",
      "Astronautical:2\n",
      "Congress,:1\n",
      "explained:1\n",
      "US:6\n",
      "government:4\n",
      "regulates:1\n",
      "\"advanced:1\n",
      "weapon:1\n",
      "technology\",:1\n",
      "making:3\n",
      "difficult:3\n",
      "hire:2\n",
      "non-Americans.[40]Falcon:1\n",
      "rocket's:4\n",
      "pad:3\n",
      "second:10\n",
      "successful:10\n",
      "vertical:4\n",
      "OG2:1\n",
      "Mission.As:1\n",
      "2018,:9\n",
      "100:2\n",
      "launches:16\n",
      "manifest:2\n",
      "representing:1\n",
      "$12:2\n",
      "billion:12\n",
      "contract:17\n",
      "revenue.[41]The:1\n",
      "contracts:15\n",
      "included:1\n",
      "commercial:15\n",
      "andgovernment(NASA/DOD):1\n",
      "customers.[42]In:1\n",
      "2013,:4\n",
      "industry:3\n",
      "media:3\n",
      "quoted:1\n",
      "Musk's:18\n",
      "comments:2\n",
      "\"forcing…increased:1\n",
      "competitiveness:1\n",
      "industry,\":1\n",
      "major:3\n",
      "competitors:2\n",
      "commercialcomsatlaunch:1\n",
      "beingArianespace,United:1\n",
      "Launch:33\n",
      "Alliance,:1\n",
      "andInternational:2\n",
      "Services.[43]At:1\n",
      "time,:1\n",
      "said:1\n",
      "increased:1\n",
      "\"be:1\n",
      "good:2\n",
      "thing:1\n",
      "future:6\n",
      "space.\":1\n",
      "Currently,:1\n",
      "leading:1\n",
      "global:6\n",
      "provider:4\n",
      "measured:1\n",
      "manifested:1\n",
      "launches.[44]Falcon:1\n",
      "ASDS:1\n",
      "barge:1\n",
      "sea,:1\n",
      "CRS-8:1\n",
      "Mission.Goals[edit]Musk:1\n",
      "stated:3\n",
      "one:8\n",
      "goals:1\n",
      "decrease:2\n",
      "cost:11\n",
      "improve:1\n",
      "reliability:1\n",
      "access:2\n",
      "tospace,:1\n",
      "ultimately:2\n",
      "ten.[45]CEOElon:1\n",
      "Musksaid::1\n",
      "\"I:1\n",
      "believe:1\n",
      "$500:4\n",
      "per:1\n",
      "pound:1\n",
      "($1,100/kg):1\n",
      "less:3\n",
      "achievable.\"[46]Falcon:1\n",
      "Heavy:14\n",
      "Rocket:9\n",
      "Pad:5\n",
      "39-A:1\n",
      "inCape:1\n",
      "Canaveral,:3\n",
      "FloridaA:1\n",
      "arapidly:1\n",
      "system.:2\n",
      "As:6\n",
      "2013[update],:1\n",
      "publicly:3\n",
      "announced:19\n",
      "aspects:3\n",
      "effort:2\n",
      "active:2\n",
      "campaign:1\n",
      "low-altitude,:2\n",
      "low-speedGrasshoppervertical:1\n",
      "takeoff,:1\n",
      "landing(VTVL):1\n",
      "demonstrator:1\n",
      "rocket,[47][48][49]and:1\n",
      "high-altitude,:1\n",
      "high-speedFalcon:1\n",
      "9post-mission:1\n",
      "booster:10\n",
      "campaign.:1\n",
      "21.In:1\n",
      "formed:2\n",
      "asubsidiary,The:1\n",
      "Boring:8\n",
      "Company,[50]and:1\n",
      "began:8\n",
      "construct:2\n",
      "underground:1\n",
      "tunnel:1\n",
      "adjacent:2\n",
      "headquarters:2\n",
      "facility,:4\n",
      "utilizing:1\n",
      "small:3\n",
      "number:3\n",
      "employees,[51]which:1\n",
      "2018,[52][53]and:1\n",
      "opened:1\n",
      "2018.[54]During:1\n",
      "Company:4\n",
      "wasspun:1\n",
      "outinto:1\n",
      "separatecorporate:1\n",
      "entitywith:1\n",
      "6%:2\n",
      "equity:6\n",
      "going:1\n",
      "SpaceX,:5\n",
      "10%:3\n",
      "employees,:3\n",
      "remainder:2\n",
      "Elon:15\n",
      "Musk.[54]At:1\n",
      "2017:6\n",
      "Congress:1\n",
      "inAdelaide,:1\n",
      "Australia,:1\n",
      "plans:10\n",
      "large:4\n",
      "spaceships:2\n",
      "Mars.[55]Using:1\n",
      "BFR,:1\n",
      "least:5\n",
      "two:12\n",
      "cargo:17\n",
      "ships:2\n",
      "Mars:19\n",
      "2022.:1\n",
      "seek:1\n",
      "water:1\n",
      "propellant:5\n",
      "plant.:2\n",
      "2024,:1\n",
      "fly:7\n",
      "four:5\n",
      "additional:10\n",
      "including:3\n",
      "people.:1\n",
      "From:3\n",
      "there,:1\n",
      "establish:1\n",
      "colony.[9][56]Musk's:1\n",
      "advocacy:1\n",
      "long-term:3\n",
      "settlement:1\n",
      "Mars,:6\n",
      "goes:1\n",
      "far:1\n",
      "beyond:1\n",
      "projects:1\n",
      "build;[57][58][59]a:1\n",
      "colonization:2\n",
      "involve:1\n",
      "many:5\n",
      "economic:1\n",
      "actors—whether:1\n",
      "individuals,:1\n",
      "companies,:1\n",
      "governments—to:1\n",
      "facilitate:1\n",
      "growth:1\n",
      "human:3\n",
      "presence:1\n",
      "decades.[60][61][62]Achievements[edit]SpaceX:1\n",
      "defined:1\n",
      "counted:1\n",
      "firsts:1\n",
      "company.:2\n",
      "Overall:1\n",
      "notably:1\n",
      "reduction:1\n",
      "spacelaunch:1\n",
      "industry.:3\n",
      "Landmark:1\n",
      "chronological:1\n",
      "order:6\n",
      "include:[63]The:1\n",
      "liquid-fueled:3\n",
      "1:19\n",
      "4on:1\n",
      "28,:10\n",
      "2008)The:1\n",
      "put:3\n",
      "satellite:17\n",
      "(RazakSATon:1\n",
      "5:2\n",
      "July:16\n",
      "14,:11\n",
      "2009)The:1\n",
      "(Dragon:3\n",
      "capsuleonCOTS:1\n",
      "demo:1\n",
      "1on:1\n",
      "9,:11\n",
      "2010)The:1\n",
      "C2+on:1\n",
      "25,:7\n",
      "2012)The:1\n",
      "geosynchronous:1\n",
      "(SES-8on:1\n",
      "7:2\n",
      "3,:13\n",
      "2013)The:1\n",
      "20on:1\n",
      "22,:7\n",
      "2015)The:1\n",
      "ocean:2\n",
      "platform:2\n",
      "23on:1\n",
      "8,:8\n",
      "2016)The:1\n",
      "relaunch:2\n",
      "(B1021onFalcon:1\n",
      "32on:1\n",
      "30,:7\n",
      "2017)[64]The:1\n",
      "controlled:2\n",
      "flyback:1\n",
      "recovery:5\n",
      "fairing:1\n",
      "32:1\n",
      "2017)[65]The:1\n",
      "reflight:1\n",
      "spacecraft.:2\n",
      "C106onCRS-11mission:1\n",
      "June:14\n",
      "2017)[66]The:1\n",
      "human-rated:2\n",
      "(Crew:1\n",
      "Demo-1,:1\n",
      "69on:1\n",
      "2019):1\n",
      "autonomously:1\n",
      "dock:2\n",
      "(same:1\n",
      "2019)[67]First:1\n",
      "full:2\n",
      "flow:2\n",
      "staged:2\n",
      "combustion:2\n",
      "cycle:1\n",
      "engine:7\n",
      "(Raptor):1\n",
      "flying:2\n",
      "(Starhopper,:1\n",
      "multiple:3\n",
      "2019).Setbacks[edit]In:1\n",
      "aDragon:1\n",
      "spacecraftinorbitdeveloped:1\n",
      "issues:1\n",
      "thrusters:2\n",
      "limited:1\n",
      "control:2\n",
      "capabilities.:1\n",
      "engineers:2\n",
      "able:3\n",
      "remotely:1\n",
      "clear:2\n",
      "blockages:1\n",
      "within:1\n",
      "period,:1\n",
      "complete:2\n",
      "mission:14\n",
      "Station.In:1\n",
      "2015,CRS-7launched:1\n",
      "aDragoncapsule:1\n",
      "atop:1\n",
      "9to:1\n",
      "Station.:1\n",
      "Alltelemetryreadings:1\n",
      "nominal:1\n",
      "2:7\n",
      "minutes:2\n",
      "19:1\n",
      "seconds:3\n",
      "flight,:3\n",
      "loss:1\n",
      "helium:2\n",
      "pressure:2\n",
      "detected:1\n",
      "cloud:1\n",
      "vapor:1\n",
      "appeared:1\n",
      "outside:1\n",
      "stage.:1\n",
      "A:4\n",
      "this,:2\n",
      "exploded.:1\n",
      "continued:2\n",
      "disintegrating:1\n",
      "due:3\n",
      "toaerodynamic:1\n",
      "forces.:1\n",
      "thrown:1\n",
      "survived:1\n",
      "explosion,:1\n",
      "transmitting:1\n",
      "data:2\n",
      "destroyed:3\n",
      "impact.[68]Later:1\n",
      "revealed:2\n",
      "intact:1\n",
      "hadsoftwareto:1\n",
      "deploy:1\n",
      "parachutes:1\n",
      "case:1\n",
      "mishap.[69]The:1\n",
      "problem:1\n",
      "discovered:1\n",
      "failed:2\n",
      "2-foot-long:1\n",
      "steel:1\n",
      "strut:2\n",
      "purchased:3\n",
      "supplier[70]to:1\n",
      "hold:1\n",
      "aheliumpressure:1\n",
      "vesselthat:1\n",
      "broke:2\n",
      "force:2\n",
      "ofacceleration.[71]This:1\n",
      "caused:3\n",
      "breach:1\n",
      "allowed:2\n",
      "high-pressure:1\n",
      "escape:4\n",
      "low-pressure:1\n",
      "tank,:1\n",
      "causing:2\n",
      "failure.:1\n",
      "TheDragonsoftware:1\n",
      "issue:1\n",
      "fixed:1\n",
      "addition:3\n",
      "analysis:1\n",
      "entire:3\n",
      "program:6\n",
      "ensure:1\n",
      "proper:2\n",
      "abort:1\n",
      "mechanisms:1\n",
      "place:6\n",
      "payload.[72]In:1\n",
      "exploded:2\n",
      "fill:2\n",
      "operation:3\n",
      "standard:1\n",
      "pre-launchstatic:1\n",
      "fire:2\n",
      "test.[73][74]The:1\n",
      "payload,:1\n",
      "theSpacecomAmos-6communications:1\n",
      "valued:2\n",
      "$200:1\n",
      "million,:1\n",
      "destroyed.[75]Musk:1\n",
      "described:2\n",
      "event:2\n",
      "\"most:1\n",
      "complex:1\n",
      "failure\":1\n",
      "history;:1\n",
      "reviewed:1\n",
      "3,000:2\n",
      "channels:1\n",
      "telemetry:1\n",
      "video:2\n",
      "covering:2\n",
      "period:1\n",
      "35–55:1\n",
      "milliseconds:1\n",
      "postmortem.[76]Musk:1\n",
      "reported:3\n",
      "explosion:4\n",
      "liquid:2\n",
      "oxygen:1\n",
      "turning:1\n",
      "cold:1\n",
      "solidified:1\n",
      "ignited:2\n",
      "withcarbon:1\n",
      "compositehelium:1\n",
      "vessels.[77]Though:1\n",
      "considered:1\n",
      "unsuccessful:1\n",
      "sent:2\n",
      "four-month:1\n",
      "hiatus:1\n",
      "worked:1\n",
      "went:3\n",
      "wrong.:1\n",
      "2017.[78]On:1\n",
      "28:1\n",
      "2019,:13\n",
      "lost:2\n",
      "contact:1\n",
      "60satellitesmaking:1\n",
      "Starlinkmegaconstellation.:1\n",
      "dysfunctional:1\n",
      "satellites':1\n",
      "orbits:3\n",
      "expected:4\n",
      "slowly:1\n",
      "decay:1\n",
      "disintegrate:1\n",
      "theatmosphere.[79]However,:1\n",
      "rate:2\n",
      "failure:4\n",
      "satellites:9\n",
      "megaconstellations:1\n",
      "consisting:2\n",
      "thousands:2\n",
      "raised:3\n",
      "concerns:1\n",
      "theseconstellationscould:1\n",
      "litter:1\n",
      "theEarth's:1\n",
      "lower:5\n",
      "serious:1\n",
      "detrimental:1\n",
      "consequences:1\n",
      "futurespace:1\n",
      "flights.[80]Ownership,:1\n",
      "valuation[edit]In:1\n",
      "2008,:2\n",
      "accepted:1\n",
      "$20:2\n",
      "million:22\n",
      "investment:2\n",
      "fromFounders:1\n",
      "Fund.[81]In:1\n",
      "2012,:9\n",
      "approximately:7\n",
      "two-thirds:1\n",
      "owned:1\n",
      "founder[82]and:1\n",
      "70:1\n",
      "shares:2\n",
      "estimated:7\n",
      "worth:5\n",
      "$875:1\n",
      "onprivate:1\n",
      "markets,[83]which:1\n",
      "roughly:1\n",
      "$1.3:3\n",
      "2012.[84]After:1\n",
      "theCOTS:2\n",
      "2+flight:1\n",
      "valuation:4\n",
      "doubled:1\n",
      "$2.4:2\n",
      "billion.[85][86]In:1\n",
      "$1:5\n",
      "fromGoogleandFidelity,:1\n",
      "exchange:1\n",
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      "aimed:1\n",
      "transit:1\n",
      "uses.:1\n",
      "articulated:1\n",
      "smaller:1\n",
      "9-meter-diametervehicle:1\n",
      "architectureto:1\n",
      "capabilities—Earth-orbit,:1\n",
      "lunar-orbit,:1\n",
      "potentially,:1\n",
      "even:1\n",
      "intercontinental:1\n",
      "passenger:3\n",
      "Earth—but:1\n",
      "markedly:1\n",
      "structure.[140]Private:1\n",
      "passengerYusaku:1\n",
      "Maezawahas:1\n",
      "contracted:1\n",
      "tofly:1\n",
      "Moonin:1\n",
      "2023.[141][142][143]Musk's:1\n",
      "long:1\n",
      "term:1\n",
      "vision:1\n",
      "resources:2\n",
      "suitable:1\n",
      "He:1\n",
      "expressed:1\n",
      "someday:1\n",
      "traveling:1\n",
      "planet,:1\n",
      "stating:1\n",
      "\"I'd:1\n",
      "die:2\n",
      "impact.\"[144]A:1\n",
      "base:1\n",
      "people:5\n",
      "arriving:1\n",
      "2025:1\n",
      "2024.[145][146]According:1\n",
      "Steve:4\n",
      "believes:1\n",
      "2035:1\n",
      "latest,:1\n",
      "self-sustaining:1\n",
      "colony.[147]Other:1\n",
      "projects[edit]Main:1\n",
      "articles:Starlink:1\n",
      "(satellite:2\n",
      "constellation)andHyperloop:1\n",
      "pod:2\n",
      "competitionIn:1\n",
      "Muskannounced:1\n",
      "ofa:1\n",
      "constellationto:1\n",
      "internet:2\n",
      "service.:1\n",
      "asked:1\n",
      "federal:1\n",
      "permission:1\n",
      "begin:2\n",
      "aims:1\n",
      "constellation:5\n",
      "4,425:4\n",
      "beaming:1\n",
      "Internet:6\n",
      "globe,:1\n",
      "remote:1\n",
      "regions:1\n",
      "access.[148][149]The:1\n",
      "cross-linkedcommunications:1\n",
      "satellitesin:1\n",
      "km:1\n",
      "orbits.:4\n",
      "Owned:1\n",
      "profitability:1\n",
      "cashflow,:1\n",
      "allow:1\n",
      "colony.[150]Development:1\n",
      "initial:1\n",
      "prototypetest-flightsatellites:1\n",
      "PAZ:1\n",
      "2017.:11\n",
      "Initial:1\n",
      "2020.:1\n",
      "filed:1\n",
      "theUS:1\n",
      "regulatory:1\n",
      "authoritiesplans:1\n",
      "field:1\n",
      "7,518:1\n",
      "\"V-bandsatellites:1\n",
      "non-geosynchronous:1\n",
      "orbitsto:1\n",
      "communications:2\n",
      "services\":1\n",
      "electromagnetic:1\n",
      "spectrum:1\n",
      "previously:2\n",
      "\"heavily:1\n",
      "employed:1\n",
      "services\".:1\n",
      "Called:1\n",
      "\"V-band:1\n",
      "low-Earth-orbit:1\n",
      "(VLEO):1\n",
      "constellation\",:1\n",
      "consist:1\n",
      "\"7,518:1\n",
      "follow:1\n",
      "[earlier]:1\n",
      "proposed:4\n",
      "function:1\n",
      "inKa-andKu-band\".[151]In:1\n",
      "sibling:1\n",
      "company,SpaceX:1\n",
      "Services,:1\n",
      "Inc.,:2\n",
      "license:1\n",
      "manufacture:3\n",
      "deployment:1\n",
      "1,000,000fixedsatellite:1\n",
      "stationsthat:1\n",
      "communicate:1\n",
      "Starlink:5\n",
      "system.[152]In:1\n",
      "batch:1\n",
      "aboard:3\n",
      "FL.[153]In:1\n",
      "sponsor:1\n",
      "aHyperloopcompetition,:1\n",
      "1-mile-long:1\n",
      "(1.6:1\n",
      "km)subscaletest:1\n",
      "track:2\n",
      "near:3\n",
      "competitive:2\n",
      "events.[154][155]The:1\n",
      "held:2\n",
      "2017.[156][157]And:1\n",
      "2018.[158]Infrastructure[edit]The:1\n",
      "headquarters,:2\n",
      "located:3\n",
      "California.SpaceX:1\n",
      "isheadquarteredin:1\n",
      "serves:1\n",
      "owns:1\n",
      "operates:4\n",
      "sites,:2\n",
      "development.:1\n",
      "regional:1\n",
      "offices:1\n",
      "Redmond,:2\n",
      "Texas,:2\n",
      "Virginia,:1\n",
      "Washington,:1\n",
      "D.C.[42]Headquarters,:1\n",
      "facilities[edit]Falcon:1\n",
      "v1.1rocket:1\n",
      "cores:1\n",
      "construction:3\n",
      "Hawthorne:3\n",
      "2014.SpaceX:1\n",
      "theLos:2\n",
      "Angelessuburb:1\n",
      "ofHawthorne,:1\n",
      "three-story:1\n",
      "byNorthrop:1\n",
      "Corporationto:1\n",
      "buildBoeing:1\n",
      "747fuselages,[159]houses:1\n",
      "office:3\n",
      "space,:1\n",
      "control,:1\n",
      "and,:1\n",
      "manufacturing.:1\n",
      "next-generation,:1\n",
      "(30:2\n",
      "ft)-diameter:1\n",
      "theBFRat:1\n",
      "facility:13\n",
      "Angeleswaterfront:1\n",
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      "Pedroarea.:1\n",
      "18-acre:1\n",
      "Berth:1\n",
      "240:1\n",
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      "10:1\n",
      "years,:1\n",
      "renewals:1\n",
      "possible,:1\n",
      "manufacturing,:1\n",
      "shipborne:1\n",
      "spaceship.[160][161]The:1\n",
      "area:1\n",
      "concentrations:1\n",
      "facilities,:1\n",
      "and/or:1\n",
      "subsidiaries:1\n",
      "U.S.,:1\n",
      "includingBoeing/McDonnell:1\n",
      "Douglas:1\n",
      "campuses,Aerospace:1\n",
      "Corp.,Raytheon,:1\n",
      "NASA'sJet:1\n",
      "Propulsion:2\n",
      "Laboratory,Air:1\n",
      "Command'sSpace:1\n",
      "Missile:4\n",
      "Systems:3\n",
      "CenteratLos:1\n",
      "Base,Lockheed:1\n",
      "Martin,BAE:1\n",
      "Systems,Northrop:1\n",
      "Grumman,:1\n",
      "andAECOM,:1\n",
      "etc.,:1\n",
      "pool:1\n",
      "recent:1\n",
      "college:1\n",
      "engineering:1\n",
      "graduates.[159]SpaceX:1\n",
      "utilizes:1\n",
      "degree:1\n",
      "ofvertical:1\n",
      "integrationin:1\n",
      "production:4\n",
      "engines.[27]SpaceX:1\n",
      "builds:1\n",
      "itsrocket:1\n",
      "engines,rocket:1\n",
      "stages,spacecraft,:1\n",
      "principalavionicsand:1\n",
      "allsoftwarein-house:1\n",
      "unusual:1\n",
      "Nevertheless,:1\n",
      "suppliers:1\n",
      "weekly.[162]In:1\n",
      "0.88:1\n",
      "hectares:1\n",
      "(2.17:1\n",
      "acres):1\n",
      "inPort:1\n",
      "CanaveralFlorida:1\n",
      "storage:1\n",
      "cores.[163][needs:1\n",
      "update]Development:1\n",
      "facilities[edit]SpaceX:1\n",
      "McGregor:4\n",
      "bunker,:1\n",
      "2012Main:1\n",
      "article:SpaceX:2\n",
      "FacilitySpaceX:1\n",
      "inMcGregor,:1\n",
      "Texas.:2\n",
      "All:1\n",
      "tested:1\n",
      "onrocket:1\n",
      "stands,:1\n",
      "low-altitudeVTVLflight:1\n",
      "9Grasshopperv1.0:1\n",
      "andF9R:1\n",
      "Dev1test:1\n",
      "2013–2014:1\n",
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      "McGregor.:1\n",
      "low-altitude:1\n",
      "VTVL:3\n",
      "9-meter:1\n",
      "ft)-diameter\"Starhopper\"is:1\n",
      "occur:1\n",
      "theSpaceX:1\n",
      "South:1\n",
      "SitenearBrownsville,:1\n",
      "construction.[164][165][166]On:1\n",
      "23,:6\n",
      "strong:1\n",
      "winds:2\n",
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      "take:4\n",
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      "repair:1\n",
      "according:1\n",
      "representatives.[167]In:1\n",
      "event,:1\n",
      "forego:1\n",
      "article,:1\n",
      "velocities:1\n",
      "unnecessary.The:1\n",
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      "acreage:1\n",
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      "hours:1\n",
      "day,:1\n",
      "week\"[168]and:1\n",
      "ramping:2\n",
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      "years.[needs:1\n",
      "update]In:1\n",
      "testing,:1\n",
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      "(following:1\n",
      "mission),:1\n",
      "shipped:1\n",
      "de-fueling,:1\n",
      "cleanup,:1\n",
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      "facilitiesSpaceX:1\n",
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      "coast:1\n",
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      "Canaveral,Vandenberg:1\n",
      "andKennedy:1\n",
      "Center,:2\n",
      "Brownsville,:1\n",
      "niche:1\n",
      "sufficient:1\n",
      "pad.[169]The:1\n",
      "Vandenberg:2\n",
      "enables:2\n",
      "highly:1\n",
      "inclined:1\n",
      "(66–145°),:1\n",
      "medium:1\n",
      "inclination,:1\n",
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      "1launches:1\n",
      "theRonald:1\n",
      "Reagan:1\n",
      "Ballistic:1\n",
      "SiteonOmelek:1\n",
      "Island.Cape:1\n",
      "Canaveral[edit]Cape:1\n",
      "40(SLC-40):1\n",
      "geostationary:1\n",
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      "supporting:1\n",
      "launches.:2\n",
      "reusability:1\n",
      "former:1\n",
      "13:3\n",
      "renamedLanding:1\n",
      "Zone:3\n",
      "designated:1\n",
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      "20landing:1\n",
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      "2015Vandenberg[edit]Vandenberg:1\n",
      "Base:1\n",
      "4:1\n",
      "East(SLC-4E):1\n",
      "payloads:2\n",
      "polar:1\n",
      "Heavy,[171]but:1\n",
      "cannot:1\n",
      "inclination:1\n",
      "neighboring:1\n",
      "SLC-4W:1\n",
      "converted:1\n",
      "Landing:2\n",
      "booster,:1\n",
      "2018.[172]Kennedy:1\n",
      "Center[edit]On:1\n",
      "2014,:6\n",
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      "20-year:1\n",
      "lease:1\n",
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      "39A.[173]The:1\n",
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      "9andFalcon:1\n",
      "Heavylaunches.:1\n",
      "fromLaunch:2\n",
      "39Aand:1\n",
      "recently:1\n",
      "HeavyRocket,:1\n",
      "11,:9\n",
      "2019.[174][175]SpaceX:1\n",
      "intends:2\n",
      "39Ain:1\n",
      "2019.[176]Brownsville[edit]In:1\n",
      "acommercial-only:1\n",
      "facilityatBrownsville,:1\n",
      "Texas.[177][178]TheFederal:1\n",
      "Aviation:4\n",
      "Administrationreleased:1\n",
      "draftEnvironmental:1\n",
      "Impact:1\n",
      "Statementfor:1\n",
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      "'no:1\n",
      "impacts:1\n",
      "occur':1\n",
      "Federal:1\n",
      "Administration:1\n",
      "deny:1\n",
      "permit:2\n",
      "operations,\"[179][179]and:1\n",
      "2014.[180]SpaceX:1\n",
      "2014:3\n",
      "latter:2\n",
      "half:2\n",
      "2015,[181]with:1\n",
      "firstsuborbitallaunches:1\n",
      "2019.[164][165][182]Real:1\n",
      "estate:1\n",
      "packages:1\n",
      "location:1\n",
      "theme:2\n",
      "\"Mars:1\n",
      "Crossing\".[183][184]Satellite:1\n",
      "facility[edit]Further:1\n",
      "information:Starlink:1\n",
      "constellation)In:1\n",
      "entering:1\n",
      "business.:1\n",
      "30,000:1\n",
      "square:3\n",
      "foot:1\n",
      "(2800m2):1\n",
      "Washington.:1\n",
      "Redmond:2\n",
      "acquired:2\n",
      "40,625:1\n",
      "feet:1\n",
      "(3800m2):1\n",
      "become:1\n",
      "research:1\n",
      "lab:2\n",
      "satellites.[185]In:1\n",
      "740:1\n",
      "(8,000:1\n",
      "sq:1\n",
      "ft):1\n",
      "creative:1\n",
      "inIrvine,:1\n",
      "California(Orange:1\n",
      "County):1\n",
      "focus:1\n",
      "communications.[186]Launch:1\n",
      "contracts[edit]Further:1\n",
      "information:List:1\n",
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      "actual:1\n",
      "supply:1\n",
      "fromNASAfor:1\n",
      "Station(ISS):1\n",
      "developed.:1\n",
      "certified:3\n",
      "forUS:1\n",
      "militarylaunches:1\n",
      "ofEvolved:1\n",
      "Expendable:1\n",
      "Vehicle-class:1\n",
      "(EELV):1\n",
      "payloads.:2\n",
      "30:1\n",
      "alone,:1\n",
      "represents:1\n",
      "$12B:1\n",
      "contract.[42]NASA:1\n",
      "contracts[edit]COTS[edit]The:1\n",
      "berthed:3\n",
      "byCanadarm2.Main:1\n",
      "article:Commercial:3\n",
      "Orbital:4\n",
      "Transportation:4\n",
      "ServicesIn:1\n",
      "Commercial:12\n",
      "Services:5\n",
      "(COTS):1\n",
      "Phase:2\n",
      "delivery:3\n",
      "ISS,:2\n",
      "possible:1\n",
      "option:2\n",
      "transport.[187][188]This:1\n",
      "\"seed:1\n",
      "money\":1\n",
      "Agreements:1\n",
      "capabilities,:1\n",
      "paid:1\n",
      "$396:1\n",
      "spacecraft,:1\n",
      "self-invested:1\n",
      "vehicle.[189]TheseSpace:1\n",
      "Agreementshave:1\n",
      "shown:1\n",
      "saved:1\n",
      "millions:1\n",
      "dollars:1\n",
      "costs,:1\n",
      "~4-10:1\n",
      "cheaper:1\n",
      "produced:1\n",
      "alone.[92]In:1\n",
      "1mission,:1\n",
      "spacecraft.[190]Dragon:1\n",
      "deployed:1\n",
      "circled:1\n",
      "twice,:1\n",
      "re-entry:1\n",
      "burn:1\n",
      "splashdown:1\n",
      "Ocean.:1\n",
      "safe:1\n",
      "recovery,:1\n",
      "spacecraft;:1\n",
      "agencies:1\n",
      "spacecraft.COTS:1\n",
      "2launched:1\n",
      "marking:1\n",
      "feat.[191][192]Commercial:1\n",
      "cargo[edit]Main:1\n",
      "Resupply:3\n",
      "ServicesCommercial:1\n",
      "(CRS):1\n",
      "series:1\n",
      "2008:3\n",
      "supplies:1\n",
      "commercially:2\n",
      "CRS:3\n",
      "$1.6:1\n",
      "12:2\n",
      "deliveries:1\n",
      "2016.[193]SpaceX:1\n",
      "CRS-1,:1\n",
      "days,:1\n",
      "beforere-entering:1\n",
      "atmosphereand:1\n",
      "splashing:1\n",
      "Ocean.[194]CRS:1\n",
      "twice:1\n",
      "then.:1\n",
      "ordering:1\n",
      "SpaceX.[195][196]After:1\n",
      "extensions:1\n",
      "missions.[197]A:1\n",
      "(known:1\n",
      "CRS2):1\n",
      "solicited:1\n",
      "2014.:5\n",
      "They:1\n",
      "beginning:1\n",
      "last:2\n",
      "2024.Commercial:1\n",
      "crew[edit]Crew:1\n",
      "flightMain:1\n",
      "DevelopmentThe:1\n",
      "(CCDev):1\n",
      "ISS.:2\n",
      "win:1\n",
      "aSpace:1\n",
      "Agreementin:1\n",
      "round:2\n",
      "(CCDev:2\n",
      "1),:1\n",
      "2),:1\n",
      "theirlaunch:1\n",
      "accommodations:1\n",
      "mock-up,:1\n",
      "Falcon/Dragon:1\n",
      "design.[198][199][200]The:1\n",
      "CCDev:1\n",
      "Integrated:1\n",
      "Capability:1\n",
      "(CCiCap),:1\n",
      "$440:1\n",
      "continue:1\n",
      "itsDragon:1\n",
      "2spacecraft.[201][202]In:1\n",
      "chose:2\n",
      "Boeing:1\n",
      "systems:1\n",
      "U.S.:10\n",
      "crews:1\n",
      "$2.6:1\n",
      "certify:1\n",
      "astronaut:1\n",
      "aboard.:1\n",
      "achieves:1\n",
      "certification,:1\n",
      "requires:1\n",
      "conduct:1\n",
      "two,:1\n",
      "six,:1\n",
      "station.[203]In:1\n",
      "forth.[204]In:1\n",
      "Dragon,:1\n",
      "docked:1\n",
      "(instead:1\n",
      "1's:1\n",
      "berthing:1\n",
      "Canadarm:1\n",
      "2):1\n",
      "splashed:1\n",
      "Ocean.US:1\n",
      "contracts[edit]In:1\n",
      "anIndefinite:1\n",
      "Delivery/Indefinite:1\n",
      "Quantity(IDIQ),:1\n",
      "allowing:1\n",
      "theUnited:2\n",
      "States:4\n",
      "Forceto:1\n",
      "purchase:1\n",
      "$100:2\n",
      "company.[205]In:1\n",
      "2008,NASAannounced:1\n",
      "IDIQ:1\n",
      "billion,:1\n",
      "depending:1\n",
      "awarded.:1\n",
      "covers:1\n",
      "ordered:1\n",
      "2012.[206]Musk:1\n",
      "announcement:1\n",
      "sold:1\n",
      "14:2\n",
      "variousFalconvehicles.[206]In:1\n",
      "Department:1\n",
      "Defense.:1\n",
      "TheUnited:1\n",
      "ForceSpace:1\n",
      "Centerawarded:1\n",
      "EELV-class:1\n",
      "missions:Deep:1\n",
      "Climate:1\n",
      "Observatory(DSCOVR):1\n",
      "andSpace:1\n",
      "Program:3\n",
      "2(STP-2).:1\n",
      "DSCOVR:1\n",
      "STP-2:1\n",
      "Heavyon:1\n",
      "25:1\n",
      "2019.[207]In:1\n",
      "United:1\n",
      "v1.1was:1\n",
      "fornational:1\n",
      "security:7\n",
      "allows:1\n",
      "classified:2\n",
      "national:7\n",
      "security.[208]This:1\n",
      "monopoly:3\n",
      "ULA:7\n",
      "payloads.[209]In:1\n",
      "$82.7:1\n",
      "2ndGPS:1\n",
      "IIIsatellite:1\n",
      "2018;:2\n",
      "40%:1\n",
      "similar:1\n",
      "previous:1\n",
      "missions.[210][211][212]Prior:1\n",
      "this,United:1\n",
      "Alliancewas:1\n",
      "payloads.[213][213][214]ULA:1\n",
      "submit:1\n",
      "bid:3\n",
      "launch.[215][216]In:1\n",
      "USNational:1\n",
      "Reconnaissance:1\n",
      "Officesaid:1\n",
      "(forNROL-76):1\n",
      "2017.[217]In:1\n",
      "(vs:1\n",
      "ULA):1\n",
      "$96.5:1\n",
      "3rd:1\n",
      "GPS:7\n",
      "III:1\n",
      "(due:1\n",
      "Feb:1\n",
      "2019).[218]In:1\n",
      "secured:2\n",
      "$290:1\n",
      "next-generation:2\n",
      "satellites,:3\n",
      "known:1\n",
      "III.:1\n",
      "2020.[219]In:1\n",
      "$297:1\n",
      "US.:2\n",
      "AFSPC-44,NROL-87,:1\n",
      "andNROL-85,:1\n",
      "slated:1\n",
      "NET:1\n",
      "FY:1\n",
      "2021.[220]International:1\n",
      "contracts[edit]Kazakhstan[edit]SpaceX:1\n",
      "twoKazakhstan's:1\n",
      "rideshare:1\n",
      "satellites.:1\n",
      "takeoff:1\n",
      "19,:9\n",
      "2018.:6\n",
      "According:2\n",
      "Kazakh:2\n",
      "Defence:1\n",
      "Aerospace:1\n",
      "Ministry,:1\n",
      "country:1\n",
      "million.[221]The:1\n",
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      "pressure[edit]Main:1\n",
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      "forcommunication:1\n",
      "satellitesflying:1\n",
      "togeostationary(GTO):1\n",
      "resulted:1\n",
      "inmarket:1\n",
      "pressureon:1\n",
      "prices.[27]Prior:1\n",
      "theopenly:1\n",
      "competedcomsat:1\n",
      "dominated:1\n",
      "byArianespace(flyingAriane:1\n",
      "5):2\n",
      "Services(flyingProton).[223]With:1\n",
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      "providers.[226]Space:1\n",
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      "Arianespace.[227]Arianespace:1\n",
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      "considerably:1\n",
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      "launchesColonization:1\n",
      "MarsHuman:1\n",
      "MarsInterplanetary:1\n",
      "SystemNewSpacePrivate:1\n",
      "spaceflightReferences[edit]^\"California:1\n",
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      "California:3\n",
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      ".cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output:1\n",
      ".cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}^Fred:1\n",
      "Lambert:1\n",
      "(November:10\n",
      "17,:7\n",
      "2016).\"Elon:7\n",
      "stake:1\n",
      "Tesla:1\n",
      "shares\".:1\n",
      "RetrievedMarch:141\n",
      "1,2017.^abFoust,:1\n",
      "Jeff:4\n",
      "16,:7\n",
      "2017).\"Shotwell::1\n",
      "7th:1\n",
      "employee:1\n",
      "We're:1\n",
      "7,000:1\n",
      "now.:1\n",
      "#NewSpaceEurope\".:1\n",
      "RetrievedJanuary:6\n",
      "13,2019.^\"Gwynne:1\n",
      "Shotwell::1\n",
      "Executive:1\n",
      "Profile:1\n",
      "&:6\n",
      "Biography\".:1\n",
      "Bloomberg.:3\n",
      "1,2017.^W.J.:1\n",
      "Hennigan:1\n",
      "(June:14\n",
      "7,:5\n",
      "2013).\"How:1\n",
      "Made:1\n",
      "It::1\n",
      "exec:1\n",
      "Gwynne:5\n",
      "Shotwell\".:1\n",
      "Times.:11\n",
      "1,2017.^SpaceX:5\n",
      "Tour:2\n",
      "–:11\n",
      "Site.:1\n",
      "spacexchannel.:1\n",
      "23,2012.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "CRS-6:2\n",
      "PressKit:1\n",
      "Site\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "12,:5\n",
      "2015.:13\n",
      "RetrievedApril:9\n",
      "13,2015.^Kenneth:1\n",
      "Chang:3\n",
      "(September:16\n",
      "27,:15\n",
      "Plan::1\n",
      "Get:1\n",
      "Humans:2\n",
      "Beyond\".:1\n",
      "New:5\n",
      "York:3\n",
      "RetrievedSeptember:8\n",
      "27,2016.^ab\"Making:1\n",
      "Life:3\n",
      "Multi-planetary:1\n",
      "RELAYTO/\".RELAYTO/.:1\n",
      "4,2018.^Shontell,:1\n",
      "Alyson.\"Elon:1\n",
      "Decided:1\n",
      "To:7\n",
      "Put:2\n",
      "On:2\n",
      "Because:1\n",
      "Wasn't:1\n",
      "Serious:1\n",
      "Enough\".Business:1\n",
      "Insider.:8\n",
      "RetrievedFebruary:15\n",
      "2,2019.^Stephen:1\n",
      "Clark:3\n",
      "2008).\"Sweet:1\n",
      "Success:2\n",
      "Last:1\n",
      "Rocket\".:1\n",
      "Spaceflight:6\n",
      "Now.:5\n",
      "1,2017.^Kenneth:1\n",
      "(May:12\n",
      "2012).\"Space:1\n",
      "X:1\n",
      "Capsule:1\n",
      "Docks:1\n",
      "Station\".:4\n",
      "25,2012.^William:1\n",
      "Graham:1\n",
      "(April:18\n",
      "13,:4\n",
      "2015).\"SpaceX:6\n",
      "en:1\n",
      "route:1\n",
      "ISS\".:1\n",
      "NASASpaceFlight.:3\n",
      "15,2015.^Kirstin:1\n",
      "Brost:1\n",
      "2011).\"SpaceX:2\n",
      "Wins:1\n",
      "Contract:4\n",
      "Complete:1\n",
      "Successor:1\n",
      "Shuttle\".:1\n",
      "RetrievedDecember:5\n",
      "8,2015.^\"SpaceXNow,:1\n",
      "Upcoming:2\n",
      "Missions\".Spacexnow.com.:2\n",
      "RetrievedOctober:6\n",
      "22,2018.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "completes:1\n",
      "unmanned:1\n",
      "test\".www.indiatvnews.com.:1\n",
      "2019.:4\n",
      "11,2019.^Matthew:1\n",
      "Weaver:1\n",
      "(December:10\n",
      "2015).\"'Welcome:1\n",
      "back,:1\n",
      "baby'::1\n",
      "celebrates:1\n",
      "landing\".:2\n",
      "Guardian.:4\n",
      "1,2017.^\"SpaceX:7\n",
      "lands:4\n",
      "time\".:1\n",
      "2016.:5\n",
      "1,2017.^Loren:2\n",
      "Grush:2\n",
      "2016).\"SpaceX:6\n",
      "floating:1\n",
      "ship:3\n",
      "again\".:1\n",
      "Verge.:3\n",
      "1,2017.^Amos,:1\n",
      "Jonathan.\"Success:1\n",
      "'re-usable:1\n",
      "rocket'\".BBC.:1\n",
      "BBC.:1\n",
      "30,2017.^\"Mars:1\n",
      "Presentation:1\n",
      "|:3\n",
      "2016\".RELAYTO/.:1\n",
      "2018.^September:1\n",
      "18,:7\n",
      "CBS:2\n",
      "News;:1\n",
      "Am,:1\n",
      "8:15.\"Elon:1\n",
      "says:4\n",
      "moon:2\n",
      "\"dangerous\":1\n",
      "scared\".www.cbsnews.com.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^Miles:1\n",
      "O'Brien:1\n",
      "2012).\"Elon:3\n",
      "Unedited\".:1\n",
      "Archived:25\n",
      "fromthe:14\n",
      "originalon:12\n",
      "1,2017.^John:1\n",
      "Carter:1\n",
      "McKnight:1\n",
      "2001).\"Elon:1\n",
      "Foundation\".:1\n",
      "Frontier:1\n",
      "Foundation.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Elon:3\n",
      "2009).\"Risky:1\n",
      "Business\".:1\n",
      "IEEE:1\n",
      "Spectrum.:1\n",
      "dodging:1\n",
      "nervous:1\n",
      "breakdown.:1\n",
      "YouTube.:5\n",
      "20,:8\n",
      "1,2017.^abcdAndrew:1\n",
      "Chaikin(January:1\n",
      "2012).\"Is:1\n",
      "Changing:1\n",
      "Equation?\".:1\n",
      "Smithsonian.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^abAshlee:1\n",
      "Vance:1\n",
      "2015).\"Elon:3\n",
      "dream:2\n",
      "almost:2\n",
      "killed:1\n",
      "Tesla\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"How:1\n",
      "Jurvetson:2\n",
      "Saved:2\n",
      "Musk\".Business:1\n",
      "RetrievedJune:4\n",
      "4,2015.^\"SpaceX\".:1\n",
      "Academy:1\n",
      "Glenn.:1\n",
      "4,2015.^Elon's:1\n",
      "Engines.:1\n",
      "Daring:1\n",
      "Think:1\n",
      "Big:2\n",
      "Jurvetson.:1\n",
      "4,2015.^Michael:1\n",
      "Belfiore:4\n",
      "2009).\"Behind:1\n",
      "Scenes:1\n",
      "World's:3\n",
      "Ambitious:1\n",
      "Makers\".:1\n",
      "Popular:4\n",
      "Mechanics.:3\n",
      "1,2017.^Foust,:1\n",
      "2005).\"Big:1\n",
      "SpaceX\".:6\n",
      "Review.^\"Diane:1\n",
      "Murphy:1\n",
      "joins:1\n",
      "Vice:1\n",
      "President:3\n",
      "Marketing:1\n",
      "Communications\"(Press:1\n",
      "release).:9\n",
      "10,:10\n",
      "2008.:9\n",
      "2010.^Messier,:1\n",
      "Doug:1\n",
      "(October:6\n",
      "2013).\"ISPCS:1\n",
      "Morning:4\n",
      "Session::1\n",
      "Shotwell:6\n",
      "7,2015.Gwynne:1\n",
      "3,800:1\n",
      "counting:1\n",
      "working:1\n",
      "600:1\n",
      "couple:1\n",
      "months.:1\n",
      "Finding:1\n",
      "hardest:1\n",
      "skills:1\n",
      "fill.^\"SpaceX's:1\n",
      "'very:1\n",
      "speculative'\".Seattle:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Gwynne:1\n",
      "(February:7\n",
      "2016).Gwynne:1\n",
      "Conference.:1\n",
      "Spaceflight.:1\n",
      "Event:3\n",
      "occurs:3\n",
      "2:43:15–3:10:05.:1\n",
      "4,2016.^de:1\n",
      "Selding,:1\n",
      "Peter:1\n",
      "B.:8\n",
      "2017).\"Blue:1\n",
      "Origin's:1\n",
      "older:1\n",
      "ways:1\n",
      "one\".Space:1\n",
      "Intel:1\n",
      "Report.:1\n",
      "15,2017.^Crosbie,:1\n",
      "Jackie:3\n",
      "Explains:1\n",
      "Why:3\n",
      "Only:1\n",
      "Hires:1\n",
      "Americans\".^spacexcmsadmin:1\n",
      "2012).\"Company\".SpaceX.:1\n",
      "29,2018.^abcd\"Company:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Stephen:1\n",
      "2013).\"Sizing:1\n",
      "America's:2\n",
      "industry\".:1\n",
      "2013.:3\n",
      "RetrievedNovember:2\n",
      "25,2013.^Hughes,:1\n",
      "Tim:1\n",
      "(July:8\n",
      "2017).\"STATEMENT:1\n",
      "OF:4\n",
      "TIM:1\n",
      "HUGHES:1\n",
      "SENIOR:1\n",
      "VICE:2\n",
      "PRESIDENT:2\n",
      "FOR:1\n",
      "GLOBAL:1\n",
      "BUSINESS:1\n",
      "GOVERNMENT:1\n",
      "AFFAIRS:1\n",
      "SPACE:5\n",
      "EXPLORATION:3\n",
      "TECHNOLOGIES:3\n",
      "CORP.:3\n",
      "(SPACEX)\"(PDF).^\"Space:1\n",
      "Corporation:1\n",
      "press\".:1\n",
      "15,2012.^\"Elon:1\n",
      "—:7\n",
      "Testimon\".:1\n",
      "5,:6\n",
      "2004.:1\n",
      "original:11\n",
      "1,2017.CS1:10\n",
      "unknown:10\n",
      "(link)^abDoug:1\n",
      "Mohney:1\n",
      "26,:9\n",
      "Plans:3\n",
      "Suborbital:1\n",
      "Texas\".:2\n",
      "Satellite:3\n",
      "Spotlight.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^ab\"Reusable:1\n",
      "ready:1\n",
      "liftoff\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Irene:2\n",
      "Klotz:2\n",
      "2011).\"A:1\n",
      "lifts:1\n",
      "pad\".:1\n",
      "MSNBC.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^AGENDA:1\n",
      "ITEM:1\n",
      "NO.:1\n",
      "CITY:2\n",
      "HAWTHORNE:1\n",
      "COUNCIL,:1\n",
      "AGENDA:1\n",
      "BILL,:1\n",
      "Planning:1\n",
      "Community:1\n",
      "Department,:1\n",
      "City:1\n",
      "Accessed:1\n",
      "2018.^Nelson,:1\n",
      "Laura:1\n",
      "J.:1\n",
      "21,:5\n",
      "2017).\"Elon:3\n",
      "tunneling:1\n",
      "wants:1\n",
      "dig:1\n",
      "L.A.\"latimes.com.:1\n",
      "13,2018.^Elon:1\n",
      "posted:1\n",
      "tunnels:1\n",
      "LA,:1\n",
      "saying:1\n",
      "'in:1\n",
      "months':1\n",
      "freeBusiness:1\n",
      "Insider,:1\n",
      "accessed:2\n",
      "2018.^\"Nothing:1\n",
      "'Boring':1\n",
      "About:1\n",
      "Newly:1\n",
      "Revealed:1\n",
      "Underground:1\n",
      "Tunnel\".cbslocal.com.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^abCopeland,:1\n",
      "Rob:1\n",
      "2018).\"Elon:1\n",
      "Co.:3\n",
      "Faced:1\n",
      "Questions:2\n",
      "Over:2\n",
      "Financial:1\n",
      "Ties\".Wall:1\n",
      "Journal.:2\n",
      "18,2018.When:1\n",
      "earlier:1\n",
      "spun:1\n",
      "90%:1\n",
      "Mr.:1\n",
      "rest:1\n",
      "given:1\n",
      "compensation:1\n",
      "help,:1\n",
      "stock,:1\n",
      "“based:1\n",
      "land,:1\n",
      "contributed:1\n",
      "creation:1\n",
      "company,”^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "presentation:1\n",
      "colonizing:1\n",
      "here's:2\n",
      "transcript:1\n",
      "slides\".Business:1\n",
      "29,2018.^\"Elon:1\n",
      "colonize:2\n",
      "giant:3\n",
      "highlights\".Business:1\n",
      "29,2018.^\"Huge:1\n",
      "Colony:1\n",
      "Eyed:1\n",
      "Founder\".:1\n",
      "News.:12\n",
      "15,:8\n",
      "14,2014.CS1:1\n",
      "url:1\n",
      "(link)^Rory:1\n",
      "Carroll:1\n",
      "2013).\"Elon:2\n",
      "Mars\".The:1\n",
      "5,2014.^Douglas:1\n",
      "Messier:2\n",
      "2014).\"Elon:1\n",
      "Talks:1\n",
      "Flights,:1\n",
      "Vladimir:1\n",
      "Putin:1\n",
      "Mars\".Parabolic:1\n",
      "Arc.^Berger,:1\n",
      "Eric:5\n",
      "2016).\"Musk's:1\n",
      "moment::1\n",
      "Audacity,:1\n",
      "madness,:1\n",
      "brilliance—or:1\n",
      "maybe:1\n",
      "three\".Ars:1\n",
      "Technica.:2\n",
      "13,2016.^Foust,:1\n",
      "2016).\"Can:1\n",
      "get:2\n",
      "Mars?\".SpaceNews.:1\n",
      "12,2016.^Boyle,:1\n",
      "Alan:2\n",
      "2016).\"SpaceX's:2\n",
      "big:4\n",
      "pitch:1\n",
      "decades-long:1\n",
      "Mars\".GeekWire.:1\n",
      "3,2016.^Mir:1\n",
      "Juned:1\n",
      "Hussain.\"The:1\n",
      "Rise:2\n",
      "Yaabot.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^ab\"Elon:1\n",
      "launching:2\n",
      "'flight-proven':1\n",
      "rocket\".Washington:1\n",
      "Post.:3\n",
      "31,2017.^\"SpaceX,:1\n",
      "Another:1\n",
      "First,:1\n",
      "Recovers:1\n",
      "$6:1\n",
      "Million:5\n",
      "Nose:1\n",
      "Cone:1\n",
      "Reused:1\n",
      "9\".:1\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Fortune.com.:1\n",
      "2,2017.^spacexcmsadmin:1\n",
      "(January:15\n",
      "29,:2\n",
      "2016).\"ZUMA:1\n",
      "MISSION\".^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "Hatch:1\n",
      "Open\".NASA:1\n",
      "Blog.:1\n",
      "3,2019.^Stephen:1\n",
      "2015).\"Support:1\n",
      "probable:1\n",
      "cause:1\n",
      "failure\".:2\n",
      "1,2017.^\"CRS-7:1\n",
      "Investigation:2\n",
      "Update\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"NASA:7\n",
      "Independent:1\n",
      "Review:1\n",
      "Team:1\n",
      "[IRT]:1\n",
      "Accident:1\n",
      "Report:1\n",
      "Public:1\n",
      "Summary\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "NASA.:7\n",
      "12,2018.\"....the:1\n",
      "finding:1\n",
      "IRT:1\n",
      "regard:2\n",
      "error::1\n",
      "industrial:3\n",
      "grade:3\n",
      "(as:1\n",
      "opposed:1\n",
      "grade):1\n",
      "17-4:1\n",
      "PH:1\n",
      "SS:1\n",
      "(precipitation-hardening:1\n",
      "stainless:1\n",
      "steel):1\n",
      "cast:1\n",
      "(the:1\n",
      "“Rod:1\n",
      "End”):1\n",
      "critical:1\n",
      "load:2\n",
      "path:1\n",
      "cryogenic:1\n",
      "conditions:1\n",
      "strenuous:1\n",
      "environments.:1\n",
      "implementation:1\n",
      "done:1\n",
      "without:3\n",
      "adequate:2\n",
      "screening:1\n",
      "part,:1\n",
      "manufacturer’s:1\n",
      "recommendations:1\n",
      "4:1:1\n",
      "safety:1\n",
      "application,:1\n",
      "modeling:1\n",
      "predicted:1\n",
      "conditions.:1\n",
      "error:1\n",
      "directly:1\n",
      "related:4\n",
      "“credible”:1\n",
      "cause....\"^Samantha:1\n",
      "Masunaga:2\n",
      "Melody:1\n",
      "Petersen:3\n",
      "instant.:1\n",
      "Figuring:1\n",
      "involves:1\n",
      "mountain:1\n",
      "data\".:1\n",
      "LA:3\n",
      "1,2017.^Reem:1\n",
      "Nasr:1\n",
      "2015).\"Musk::1\n",
      "Is:3\n",
      "What:1\n",
      "Caused:1\n",
      "Failure\".:1\n",
      "CNBC.:3\n",
      "Twitter::1\n",
      "Update:2\n",
      "morning's:1\n",
      "anomaly\".:1\n",
      "Twitter.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Calandrelli:1\n",
      "E,:2\n",
      "Escher:2\n",
      "2016).\"The:2\n",
      "top:2\n",
      "15:2\n",
      "events:2\n",
      "happened:2\n",
      "2016\".:3\n",
      "TechCrunch.:2\n",
      "1,2017.^Marco:1\n",
      "Santana:1\n",
      "customer:1\n",
      "vows:2\n",
      "rebuild:1\n",
      "aftermath\".:1\n",
      "Orlando:1\n",
      "Sentinel.:2\n",
      "1,2017.^Samantha:1\n",
      "Musk::4\n",
      "'most:1\n",
      "complex':1\n",
      "years\".:1\n",
      "finally:1\n",
      "knows:1\n",
      "latest:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Anomaly:1\n",
      "Updates\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Contact:1\n",
      "57:1\n",
      "healthy\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "RetrievedJuly:5\n",
      "4,2019.^\"Starlink:1\n",
      "failures:1\n",
      "highlight:1\n",
      "sustainability:1\n",
      "concerns\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "4,2019.^Emily:1\n",
      "Shanklin:1\n",
      "(August:5\n",
      "2008).\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "receives:2\n",
      "Founder's:1\n",
      "Fund\"(Press:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Caleb:2\n",
      "Melby:1\n",
      "(March:10\n",
      "2012).\"How:1\n",
      "Became:1\n",
      "Billionaire:1\n",
      "Twice:1\n",
      "Over\".:1\n",
      "Forbes.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Elon:1\n",
      "Anticipates:1\n",
      "Third:1\n",
      "IPO:1\n",
      "Three:1\n",
      "Years:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Jane:1\n",
      "Watts:1\n",
      "Has:1\n",
      "Right:1\n",
      "Stuff:1\n",
      "Win:1\n",
      "Race\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Privately-held:1\n",
      "Worth:1\n",
      "Nearly:2\n",
      "Billion:1\n",
      "$20/Share,:1\n",
      "Double:1\n",
      "Pre-Mission:1\n",
      "Secondary:1\n",
      "Market:1\n",
      "Value:1\n",
      "Following:1\n",
      "Historic:2\n",
      "Privco.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Ricardo:1\n",
      "Bilton:1\n",
      "2012).\"SpaceX's:1\n",
      "skyrockets:1\n",
      "$4.8B:1\n",
      "mission\".:1\n",
      "VentureBeat.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Reuters:1\n",
      "raises:2\n",
      "Google,:1\n",
      "Fidelity\".:1\n",
      "NewsDaily.:1\n",
      "(link)^Brian:1\n",
      "Berger:2\n",
      "Confirms:1\n",
      "Investment\".:1\n",
      "SpaceNews.:7\n",
      "Now:1\n",
      "One:1\n",
      "Valuable:1\n",
      "Privately:2\n",
      "Held:1\n",
      "Companies\".:1\n",
      "NY:1\n",
      "16,2017.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "overview:1\n",
      "secondmarket\".:1\n",
      "SecondMarket.:1\n",
      "2012.^\"COMPLETED:1\n",
      "MISSIONS\".:1\n",
      "SpaceX.^abZapata,:1\n",
      "Edgar.\"An:1\n",
      "Assessment:1\n",
      "Cost:2\n",
      "Improvements:1\n",
      "COTS/CRS:1\n",
      "Implications:1\n",
      "Future:2\n",
      "Missions\"(PDF).^Winkler,:1\n",
      "Rolfe;:1\n",
      "Pasztor,:1\n",
      "Andy:1\n",
      "2019).\"SpaceX:6\n",
      "Raising:1\n",
      "Amid:1\n",
      "Internal:1\n",
      "Business\".Wall:1\n",
      "Journal.ISSN0099-9660.:1\n",
      "15,2019.^Henry,:1\n",
      "Caleb:2\n",
      "rounds\".SpaceNews.:1\n",
      "26,2019.^Henry,:1\n",
      "begins:1\n",
      "buildout\".SpaceNews.:1\n",
      "26,2019.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "rises:1\n",
      "look:2\n",
      "opportunity\".:1\n",
      "2019.^Sheetz,:1\n",
      "Michael:1\n",
      "tech:1\n",
      "fund:1\n",
      "investment\".CNBC.:1\n",
      "28,2019.^ab\"Falcon:1\n",
      "Overview\".:2\n",
      "2011.:6\n",
      "2007.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"THE:1\n",
      "SHUTTLE:1\n",
      "AND:2\n",
      "FUTURE:1\n",
      "LAUNCH:1\n",
      "VEHICLES\".Senate:1\n",
      "Hearing:1\n",
      "108-1001.:1\n",
      "2004.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "Successfully:1\n",
      "Launches:1\n",
      "Orbit\"(Press:1\n",
      "(link)^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "announces:1\n",
      "heavy:1\n",
      "vehicle\"(Press:1\n",
      "2005.:2\n",
      "(link)^abcCanadian:1\n",
      "Press:3\n",
      "2012).\"Private:1\n",
      "blasts:1\n",
      "Cargo:1\n",
      "reaches:1\n",
      "launch\".:3\n",
      "CBC:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Falcon:3\n",
      "Space.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Clark:1\n",
      "Lindsey:1\n",
      "2013).\"NewSpace:1\n",
      "2013\".:1\n",
      "NewSpace:1\n",
      "Watch.:1\n",
      "3,2013.^spacexcmsadmin:1\n",
      "2012).\"Falcon:1\n",
      "Heavy\".SpaceX.:1\n",
      "5,2017.^Rituparna:1\n",
      "Chatterjee:1\n",
      "2011).\"Falcon:1\n",
      "Heavy::1\n",
      "rocket\".:1\n",
      "Times:1\n",
      "India.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Shotwell,:1\n",
      "2015).\"STATEMENT:1\n",
      "GWYNNE:1\n",
      "SHOTWELL:1\n",
      "CHIEF:1\n",
      "OPERATING:1\n",
      "OFFICER:1\n",
      "(SPACEX)\"(PDF).^Wilkins,:1\n",
      "Alasdair.\"Tesla,:1\n",
      "Heart:1\n",
      "Gold::1\n",
      "How:1\n",
      "Names:1\n",
      "His:1\n",
      "Inventions\".Inverse.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "Thruster:1\n",
      "Performs:1\n",
      "Long-Duration:1\n",
      "Firing:1\n",
      "Restart\"(Press:1\n",
      "Vehicle:3\n",
      "Payload:1\n",
      "User's:1\n",
      "Guide,:1\n",
      "2009\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "(link)^Colangelo,:1\n",
      "Anthony.\"Farewell,:1\n",
      "Red:2\n",
      "Dragon\".Main:1\n",
      "Engine:1\n",
      "Cut:1\n",
      "Off.:1\n",
      "1,2019.^NSF,:1\n",
      "Chris:1\n",
      "B.-:1\n",
      "2019).\"Spacex:1\n",
      "official:1\n",
      "livestream:1\n",
      "\"Starhopper:1\n",
      "System\"\".@NASASpaceflight.:1\n",
      "7,2019.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "performs:1\n",
      "engine\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "28,2017.^Grush,:1\n",
      "Loren:1\n",
      "time\".The:1\n",
      "4,2019.^\"Big:1\n",
      "News!:1\n",
      "Completes:1\n",
      "First:4\n",
      "Free:1\n",
      "Flight!\".^Business,:1\n",
      "Wattles,:1\n",
      "CNN.\"SpaceX's:1\n",
      "soars:1\n",
      "150-meter:1\n",
      "'hop:1\n",
      "test'\".CNN.:1\n",
      "RetrievedAugust:2\n",
      "28,2019.^Michael:1\n",
      "2005).\"Race:1\n",
      "Next:2\n",
      "Prize:1\n",
      "Ignites\".:1\n",
      "Wired.:2\n",
      "(link)^abKeith:1\n",
      "Cowing:1\n",
      "2006).\"The:1\n",
      "Financed:1\n",
      "Manned:1\n",
      "Spacecraft?\".:1\n",
      "SpaceRef.:1\n",
      "selects:2\n",
      "crew,:1\n",
      "partners\".:1\n",
      "2006.:2\n",
      "1,2017.^\"COTS:1\n",
      "Kit\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Private:2\n",
      "capsule's:1\n",
      "voyage:1\n",
      "ends:1\n",
      "splash\".:1\n",
      "BBC:2\n",
      "1,2017.^\"SpaceX\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Denise:1\n",
      "Chow:1\n",
      "2011).\"Private:1\n",
      "Spaceship:1\n",
      "Builders:1\n",
      "Split:1\n",
      "$270:1\n",
      "Funds\".:1\n",
      "Space.com.:3\n",
      "1,2017.^abKoenigsmann,:1\n",
      "Hans:1\n",
      "2018).\"STATEMENT:1\n",
      "DR.:1\n",
      "HANS:1\n",
      "KOENIGSMANN:1\n",
      "PRESIDENT,:1\n",
      "BUILD:1\n",
      "FLIGHT:1\n",
      "RELIABILITY:1\n",
      "(SPACEX)\"(PDF).^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "SpaceNews.com\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "29,2018.^\"NASA's:1\n",
      "Target:1\n",
      "Dates\".:1\n",
      "3,2018.^abMike:1\n",
      "2015).\"'Red:1\n",
      "Dragon':1\n",
      "Sample-Return:1\n",
      "Mission:1\n",
      "Could:1\n",
      "2022\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Ralph,:1\n",
      "2017).\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "skipping:1\n",
      "\"vastly:1\n",
      "bigger:1\n",
      "ships\":1\n",
      "confirms\".:1\n",
      "Teslarati.:2\n",
      "29,2017.^Bhargav,:1\n",
      "Sushant:1\n",
      "Shares:1\n",
      "Look:1\n",
      "Full-body:1\n",
      "Spacesuit\".TechScoop.in.:1\n",
      "2018.^Martin,:1\n",
      "Sean:1\n",
      "2017).\"REVEALED::1\n",
      "humans:1\n",
      "wear:1\n",
      "MARS\".Express.co.uk.:1\n",
      "14,2017.^Rand:1\n",
      "Simberg:1\n",
      "Plans\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Jacob:1\n",
      "Aron:1\n",
      "crashes:1\n",
      "boat:1\n",
      "Scientist.:1\n",
      "2015).\"Background:1\n",
      "tonight's:1\n",
      "2016).CRS-8:2\n",
      "Stage:1\n",
      "Droneship.:1\n",
      "Hosted:2\n",
      "Webcast:1\n",
      "clip.:1\n",
      "26:58.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Peter:5\n",
      "de:6\n",
      "Selding:6\n",
      "inquiry,:1\n",
      "discounts:1\n",
      "Silicon:2\n",
      "Valley's:1\n",
      "test-and-fail:1\n",
      "ethos\".:1\n",
      "recycled:2\n",
      "cost-cutting:1\n",
      "model\".The:1\n",
      "Globe:1\n",
      "Mail.:1\n",
      "31,2017.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "rocket\".NBC:1\n",
      "31,2017.^SpaceX:1\n",
      "2017),SES-10:1\n",
      "Webcast,:1\n",
      "retrievedMarch:2\n",
      "31,2017^\"Elon:1\n",
      "hinges:1\n",
      "rocket\".Engadget.:1\n",
      "29,2018.^\"SpaceX:2\n",
      "signs:1\n",
      "moon\".:1\n",
      "Reuters.:2\n",
      "14,2018.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "reveals:2\n",
      "mystery:1\n",
      "passenger,:1\n",
      "he's:1\n",
      "billionaire\".:1\n",
      "CNET.:2\n",
      "18,2018.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "13,2018.^Daniel:1\n",
      "Terdiman:1\n",
      "SXSW::1\n",
      "'I'd:1\n",
      "impact'\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Alex:1\n",
      "Hern:1\n",
      "'Chances:1\n",
      "we're:1\n",
      "living:1\n",
      "simulation'\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Sarah:1\n",
      "Fecht:1\n",
      "Wants:1\n",
      "2025\".:1\n",
      "Science.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Here's:1\n",
      "Investor:1\n",
      "Dreams\".Business:1\n",
      "2,2018.^Cecilia:1\n",
      "Kang,:1\n",
      "Christian:1\n",
      "Davenport:2\n",
      "founder:1\n",
      "files:1\n",
      "space\".:1\n",
      "Washington:3\n",
      "1,2017.^Jeff:3\n",
      "Stone:1\n",
      "4,000:1\n",
      "Satellites,:1\n",
      "Broadcasting:1\n",
      "Entire:1\n",
      "World\".:1\n",
      "Build:1\n",
      "Broadband:1\n",
      "Seattle\".:1\n",
      "Henry:1\n",
      "2017).\"FCC:1\n",
      "gets:1\n",
      "applications:1\n",
      "non-geostationary:1\n",
      "constellations\".:1\n",
      "Application:1\n",
      "Blanket-licensed:1\n",
      "stations,:1\n",
      "SES-LIC-INTR2019-00217,:1\n",
      "2019.^\"Falcon:1\n",
      "heaviest:1\n",
      "date:1\n",
      "NASASpaceFlight.com\".:2\n",
      "4,2019.^Alan:1\n",
      "Boyle:1\n",
      "Hyperloop:5\n",
      "Pod:2\n",
      "Races:1\n",
      "NBC.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Spacex:1\n",
      "Competition\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "(link)^Muoio,:1\n",
      "Danielle:1\n",
      "contest:1\n",
      "happening:1\n",
      "weekend:1\n",
      "competing:1\n",
      "pods\".Business:1\n",
      "28,2017.^Boyle,:1\n",
      "2017).\"Germany's:1\n",
      "WARR:1\n",
      "team:2\n",
      "wins:4\n",
      "II:1\n",
      "race:1\n",
      "201-mph:1\n",
      "run\".GeekWire.:1\n",
      "26,2017.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "website\".:1\n",
      "11,2017.^abMichael:1\n",
      "2012).\"Inside:2\n",
      "SpaceX::1\n",
      "We:2\n",
      "Visit:1\n",
      "Company's:1\n",
      "Slide:1\n",
      "3\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Berger,:1\n",
      "2018).\"SpaceX:2\n",
      "indicates:1\n",
      "Angeles\".arsTechnica.:1\n",
      "21,2018.^Masunaga,:1\n",
      "Samantha.\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "may:3\n",
      "Port:2\n",
      "Angeles\".latimes.com.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^Gwynne:1\n",
      "2014).Discussion:1\n",
      "Shotwell,:2\n",
      "COO,:2\n",
      "Council.:1\n",
      "37:50–38:58.:1\n",
      "1,2017.We:1\n",
      "integrated.:1\n",
      "Metal—in:1\n",
      "sheet:1\n",
      "format,:2\n",
      "wire:1\n",
      "block:1\n",
      "format—comes:1\n",
      "stages:1\n",
      "roll:1\n",
      "out.:1\n",
      "eliminating:1\n",
      "exponential:1\n",
      "G&A:1\n",
      "fee:1\n",
      "additions:1\n",
      "[that:1\n",
      "experienced:1\n",
      "have]:1\n",
      "layers:1\n",
      "integration.:1\n",
      "dollar:2\n",
      "comes:1\n",
      "spend:1\n",
      "[about]:1\n",
      "63:1\n",
      "cents:1\n",
      "revenue:1\n",
      "subcontractors:1\n",
      "suppliers,:1\n",
      "[but:1\n",
      "at]:1\n",
      "lower-level:1\n",
      "integration:1\n",
      "(wires,:1\n",
      "connectors,:1\n",
      "materials).^Speck,:1\n",
      "Emilee:1\n",
      "2017).\"Port:1\n",
      "Authority:1\n",
      "approves:1\n",
      "hangar:1\n",
      "storage\".ClickOrlando.com.:1\n",
      "11,2018.^abRalph,:1\n",
      "CEO:1\n",
      "3:5\n",
      "Raptors:1\n",
      "\"mirror:1\n",
      "finish\"\".Teslarati.:1\n",
      "24,2018.^abFoust,:1\n",
      "2018).\"Musk:1\n",
      "teases:1\n",
      "redesigned:1\n",
      "system\".SpaceNews.:1\n",
      "13,2019.^Murphy,:1\n",
      "Mike:2\n",
      "2019).\"Elon:1\n",
      "shows:1\n",
      "massive:1\n",
      "rocket\".MarketWatch.:1\n",
      "12,2019.^Mosher,:1\n",
      "Dave:1\n",
      "2019).\"SpaceX's:1\n",
      "blown:1\n",
      "damaged:1\n",
      "repairs:1\n",
      "weeks\".Business:1\n",
      "23,2019.^Jason:1\n",
      "Paur:1\n",
      "Rocket-Testing:1\n",
      "Facility\".:1\n",
      "2013).\"SpaceX:2\n",
      "Appetite:1\n",
      "Sites:1\n",
      "Grows\".:1\n",
      "PAYLOAD:1\n",
      "USER'S:1\n",
      "GUIDE\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "original(PDF)on:2\n",
      "2018.^Chris:1\n",
      "Bergin:2\n",
      "2011).\"SpaceX::1\n",
      "tag:1\n",
      "year\".:1\n",
      "SAOCOM:1\n",
      "1A:1\n",
      "nails:1\n",
      "West:1\n",
      "Coast:1\n",
      "11,2019.^Granath,:1\n",
      "Bob:1\n",
      "2015).\"NASA,:1\n",
      "Sign:1\n",
      "Property:1\n",
      "Agreement:1\n",
      "Pad\".NASA.:1\n",
      "29,2018.^Tribou,:1\n",
      "Richard:1\n",
      "2019).\"Battered:1\n",
      "knocked:1\n",
      "Canaveral\".Orlando:1\n",
      "18,2019.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "#Nasa:1\n",
      "@Kennedy:1\n",
      "5:35pm\".YouTube.:1\n",
      "18,2019.^\"NASA,:1\n",
      "Dates:1\n",
      "Program\".blogs.nasa.gov.:1\n",
      "11,2019.^\"Gov.:1\n",
      "Perry:1\n",
      "Announces:2\n",
      "State:1\n",
      "Incentives:1\n",
      "Bringing:1\n",
      "Facility,:1\n",
      "300:1\n",
      "Jobs:1\n",
      "Brownsville:2\n",
      "Area\".:1\n",
      "Office:1\n",
      "Governor:1\n",
      "Rick:1\n",
      "Perry.:1\n",
      "(link)^Eric:1\n",
      "2014).\"Texas,:1\n",
      "announce:1\n",
      "deal:1\n",
      "Brownsville\".:1\n",
      "MySanAntonio.com.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^abLaura:1\n",
      "Martinez:1\n",
      "2013).\"FAA:1\n",
      "EIS:1\n",
      "report\".:1\n",
      "Herald.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Leonard:1\n",
      "David:1\n",
      "2014).\"SpaceX:4\n",
      "FAA:1\n",
      "approval:1\n",
      "Foust:2\n",
      "Breaks:1\n",
      "Ground:1\n",
      "Spaceport\".:1\n",
      "2013).\"The:2\n",
      "great:1\n",
      "state:1\n",
      "race\".:1\n",
      "Review.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Emma:2\n",
      "Perez-Treviño:2\n",
      "2014).\"Mars:1\n",
      "purchases\".:1\n",
      "Valley:3\n",
      "Star.:2\n",
      "holdings:1\n",
      "grow\".:1\n",
      "adds:1\n",
      "Seattle:1\n",
      "area\".GeekWire.:1\n",
      "11,2018.^Gene:1\n",
      "expands:1\n",
      "8,000:1\n",
      "sqft:1\n",
      "Orange:1\n",
      "CA\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Dennis:1\n",
      "Stone,:1\n",
      "\"NASA's:1\n",
      "Approach:1\n",
      "Transportation,Acta:1\n",
      "Astronautica63,:1\n",
      "No.:1\n",
      "1-4:1\n",
      "(2008):192-97.\"^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "transport\"(Press:1\n",
      "1,2017.^AtlanticCouncil:1\n",
      "2014),Discussion:1\n",
      "29,2018^\"Mission:1\n",
      "Status:1\n",
      "Center\".:1\n",
      "SpaceFlightNow.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Brendan:1\n",
      "McGarry:1\n",
      "2012).\"SpaceX:2\n",
      "Becomes:1\n",
      "Dock:1\n",
      "Ship:1\n",
      "San:1\n",
      "Francisco:1\n",
      "Chronicle.:1\n",
      "(link)^Kenneth:1\n",
      "2012).\"Big:1\n",
      "Day:1\n",
      "Entrepreneur:1\n",
      "Promising:1\n",
      "More\".:1\n",
      "Station\"(Press:1\n",
      "Celebrates:1\n",
      "Return\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Chris:1\n",
      "2015).\"NASA:1\n",
      "lines:1\n",
      "Cygnus\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Jason:1\n",
      "Rhian:1\n",
      "2014).\"NASA:1\n",
      "\"push\":1\n",
      "extension\".:1\n",
      "$700:1\n",
      "million\".:1\n",
      "Taxi's:1\n",
      "Escape:1\n",
      "Passes:1\n",
      "Hurdle\".:1\n",
      "Proposal:1\n",
      "Round:1\n",
      "2\"(PDF).:1\n",
      "19,2012.^Frank,:1\n",
      "Jr.:1\n",
      "Morring:1\n",
      "2011).\"Five:1\n",
      "Vie:1\n",
      "Human:1\n",
      "Spaceflight\".:1\n",
      "Week.:2\n",
      "Steps:1\n",
      "Effort:1\n",
      "Americans:1\n",
      "Soil\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Zach:1\n",
      "Rosenberg:1\n",
      "finishes:1\n",
      "crucial:1\n",
      "dress:1\n",
      "rehearsal:1\n",
      "FlightGlobal.:1\n",
      "Chooses:1\n",
      "Companies:1\n",
      "Astronauts:1\n",
      "awards:2\n",
      "Station\".www.teslarati.com.:1\n",
      "Awarded:1\n",
      "I\"(Press:1\n",
      "(link)^ab\"NASA:1\n",
      "Awards:1\n",
      "SpaceX\"(Press:1\n",
      "1,2017.^SpaceX’s:1\n",
      "November.:1\n",
      "Darrell:1\n",
      "Etherington.:1\n",
      "Jul:1\n",
      "2017^\"Air:1\n",
      "Force's:1\n",
      "Center:1\n",
      "Certifies:2\n",
      "National:1\n",
      "Security:1\n",
      "Missions\".:1\n",
      "USAF.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"U.S.:1\n",
      "certifies:2\n",
      "launches\".:1\n",
      "2,2019–:1\n",
      "www.reuters.com.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "undercut:1\n",
      "percent::1\n",
      "Force\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Calendrelli:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Mike:1\n",
      "Gruss:1\n",
      "$82:1\n",
      "satellite\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^ab\"Air:1\n",
      "Missions,:1\n",
      "Ends:1\n",
      "Monopoly\".:1\n",
      "Fox:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Christian:1\n",
      "2015).\"Air:1\n",
      "missions\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"ULA:1\n",
      "Punts:1\n",
      "Long:1\n",
      "Sought:1\n",
      "SpaceX\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^Gruss,:1\n",
      "2016).\"Pentagon:1\n",
      "disputes:1\n",
      "claim:1\n",
      "launch\".SpaceNews.com.^\"SpaceX:1\n",
      "prepares:1\n",
      "NRO:1\n",
      "launch\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^\"SpaceX's:1\n",
      "says\".SpaceNews.com.:1\n",
      "2,2019.^\"ULA,:1\n",
      "secure:1\n",
      "$650:1\n",
      "contracts\".Florida:1\n",
      "Today.:1\n",
      "29,2018.^Erwin,:1\n",
      "Sandra:1\n",
      "2019).\"Air:1\n",
      "$739:1\n",
      "SpaceX\".Space:1\n",
      "19,2019.^\"Transporting:1\n",
      "million\".astanatimes.com.^Kazakhstan:1\n",
      "chooses:1\n",
      "Russian:1\n",
      "launch.:1\n",
      "Berger,Ars:1\n",
      "Technica.6:1\n",
      "2018.^Jonathan:1\n",
      "Amos:1\n",
      "SES:1\n",
      "TV:1\n",
      "Asia\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Michael:1\n",
      "Rocketeer\".:1\n",
      "Foreign:1\n",
      "Policy.:2\n",
      "1,2017.^Doug:1\n",
      "2014).\"Shotwell::1\n",
      "Would:1\n",
      "$5:1\n",
      "$7:1\n",
      "Per:1\n",
      "Launch\".:1\n",
      "Parabolic:1\n",
      "Arc.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^abPeter:1\n",
      "2015).\"Arianespace,:1\n",
      "Battled:1\n",
      "Draw:1\n",
      "Contracts\".:1\n",
      "2014).\"Europe's:1\n",
      "Operators:2\n",
      "Urge:1\n",
      "Swift:1\n",
      "6\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Amy:1\n",
      "Svitak:1\n",
      "2014).\"Arianespace:1\n",
      "ESA::1\n",
      "Need:1\n",
      "Help\".:1\n",
      "2014).\"Satellite:1\n",
      "ESA:1\n",
      "Reduction:1\n",
      "Costs\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^David:1\n",
      "Ramli:1\n",
      "2015).\"NBN:1\n",
      "Arianespace:1\n",
      "jobs:1\n",
      "fight:1\n",
      "Sydney:1\n",
      "Herald:1\n",
      "BusinessDay.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^François:1\n",
      "Némo:1\n",
      "2015).\"Airbus:1\n",
      "dans:1\n",
      "la:1\n",
      "::1\n",
      "une:1\n",
      "occasion:1\n",
      "manquée:1\n",
      "pour:1\n",
      "l'Europe\"(in:1\n",
      "French).:1\n",
      "lesechos.fr.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Melody:2\n",
      "upset:1\n",
      "firm's:1\n",
      "satellites\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"Air:1\n",
      "budget:1\n",
      "undercuts:1\n",
      "prices\".Ars:1\n",
      "29,2018.^spacexcmsadmin:1\n",
      "2012).\"Capabilities:1\n",
      "Services\".SpaceX.:1\n",
      "29,2018.^Andrea:1\n",
      "Shalal:1\n",
      "2015).\"Lockheed-Boeing:1\n",
      "venture:1\n",
      "needs:1\n",
      "orders:1\n",
      "survive\".:1\n",
      "Yahoo.:1\n",
      "1,2017.^Greg:1\n",
      "Avery:1\n",
      "2014).\"ULA:1\n",
      "half\".:1\n",
      "Denver:1\n",
      "2014).\"Congress:1\n",
      "OKs:1\n",
      "bill:1\n",
      "banning:1\n",
      "purchases:1\n",
      "Russian-made:1\n",
      "engines\".:1\n",
      "1,2017.^\"As:1\n",
      "steamroller:1\n",
      "surges,:1\n",
      "resist\".:1\n",
      "21,2018.^Wattles,:1\n",
      "workers\".CNN.External:1\n",
      "links[edit]Wikimedia:1\n",
      "Commons:2\n",
      "toSpaceX.Wikinews:1\n",
      "news:1\n",
      "to:SpaceXQuotations:1\n",
      "toSpaceXat:1\n",
      "WikiquoteOfficial:1\n",
      "websiteSpaceXonTwitter&Elon:1\n",
      "MuskonTwitterSpaceX:1\n",
      "Instagram&Musk's:1\n",
      "InstagramSpaceX:1\n",
      "YouTubevteSpaceXHistory:1\n",
      "SpaceXVehiclesRocketsCurrentFalcon:1\n",
      "9\"Full:1\n",
      "Thrust\":2\n",
      "5Falcon:1\n",
      "HeavyIn:1\n",
      "developmentStarship*Super:1\n",
      "HeavyRetiredFalcon:1\n",
      "1Falcon:1\n",
      "9v1.0v1.1\"Full:1\n",
      "v1.2·Block:1\n",
      "4CanceledFalcon:1\n",
      "1e*Falcon:1\n",
      "5*F9R:1\n",
      "Dev2*Falcon:1\n",
      "Air*ITS:1\n",
      "vehicle*BFR*Test:1\n",
      "vehiclesGrasshopper(retired)F9R:1\n",
      "Dev1†:1\n",
      "(destroyed)DragonFly(retired)Starhopper(retired)Starship:1\n",
      "Mk1*:1\n",
      "(under:2\n",
      "construction)Starship:1\n",
      "Mk2*:1\n",
      "construction)SpacecraftCargoDragonStarship:1\n",
      "cargo*Starship:1\n",
      "tanker*CrewedDragon:1\n",
      "2Starship*Reusable:1\n",
      "hardwareFirst-stage:1\n",
      "boostersIndividual:1\n",
      "articlesCargo:1\n",
      "capsulesC106EnginesKestrel(retired)Merlin(1A,:1\n",
      "1B,:1\n",
      "1C,:1\n",
      "1D,:1\n",
      "Vacuum)DracoSuperDracoRaptorMethalox:1\n",
      "thruster*MissionsFalcon:1\n",
      "launchesFalcon:2\n",
      "launchestest:1\n",
      "flightdearMoon:1\n",
      "project*Launch:1\n",
      "sitesOrbitalCape:1\n",
      "Canaveral(Florida)CCAFS:1\n",
      "40Kennedy:1\n",
      "39AVandenberg(California)Launch:1\n",
      "4EKwajalein(Marshall:1\n",
      "Islands)Omelek:1\n",
      "Island†AtmosphericMcGregor:1\n",
      "siteNew:1\n",
      "Mexico:1\n",
      "site†Brownsville,:1\n",
      "TexasBoca:1\n",
      "ChicaLanding:1\n",
      "sitesAutonomous:1\n",
      "shipsLanding:1\n",
      "ZonesLZ-1at:1\n",
      "CanaveralLZ-2at:1\n",
      "CanaveralLZ-4at:1\n",
      "VandenbergOther:1\n",
      "facilitiesHeadquarters:1\n",
      "factory(Hawthorne,:1\n",
      "California)Rocket:1\n",
      "facility(McGregor,:1\n",
      "Texas)Satellite:1\n",
      "facility(Redmond,:1\n",
      "Washington)Regional:1\n",
      "offices(Chantilly,:1\n",
      "Houston,:1\n",
      "Seattle,:1\n",
      "DC)ContractsCommercial:1\n",
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      "Services(CRS)Commercial:1\n",
      "Development(CCDev)Commercial:1\n",
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      "testsRed:1\n",
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      "infrastructureStarlinkKey:1\n",
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      "CTO)Gwynne:1\n",
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      "COO)Tom:1\n",
      "Mueller(VP:1\n",
      "Development)*:1\n",
      "denotes:2\n",
      "unflown:1\n",
      "sites.:1\n",
      "†:1\n",
      "abandoned:1\n",
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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x26c4a127400>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
    "sr= stopwords.words('english')\n",
    "clean_tokens = tokens[:]\n",
    "for token in tokens:\n",
    "    if token in stopwords.words('english'):\n",
    "        clean_tokens.remove(token)\n",
    "freq = nltk.FreqDist(clean_tokens)\n",
    "for key,val in freq.items():\n",
    "    print(str(key) + ':' + str(val))\n",
    "freq.plot(20, cumulative=False)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.7.3"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
}