From b99e57d85e5adebe547f0aa043f2552200103c1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Katie Ameku Date: Tue, 24 Dec 2024 11:28:15 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 1/6] Added Virginia Carter --- content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md | 22 ++++++++ content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md | 60 ++++++++------------- content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md | 22 ++++++++ content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md | 2 +- content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md | 22 ++++++++ 5 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) create mode 100644 content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md create mode 100644 content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md create mode 100644 content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md diff --git a/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md b/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..adb03f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ +"title":"Beatrice Tinsley", +"name":"Beatrice Tinsley", +"linktitle":"Beatrice Tinsley", +"last":"Tinsley", +"institution_of_phd":"Univeristy of Texas Austin", +"field_of_phd":"Physics", +"year_of_phd":"1968", +"researchAreas":["Galaxies","Cosmology"], +"relevantCourses":["Astronomy","Cosmology"], + +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Tinsley", +"image":"/img/uploads/b_tinsley.jpg", +"general_bio":"Beatrice Tinsley was born Beatrice Muriel Hill in England on January 27th, 1941, but she grew up in New Zealand. In 1961, she married Brain Tinsely, who was a peer that also studied physics. She and Brian eventually moved to Texas, where Brian worked at the University of Texas, Dallas. Soon afterwards, Tinsley enrolled in graduate school at the University of Texas, Austin, where she was the only female student. Tinsley commuted 400 miles every week to attend graduate school. In graduate school, Tinsley became very fascinated with cosmology and the exploration of the eventual fate of our universe. Her research focused on the way that galaxies evolve and change over time. Tinsley famously won a heated argument with leading astronomer Allan Sandage, where she argued that he had misinterpreted his data and the fate that he determined for the universe was false. Sandage’s work indicated that the Universe would eventually collapse back into itself in a “Big Crunch,” based on the distances to giant elliptical galaxies that he used to infer the expansion rate of the Universe. However, Tinsley argued that Sandage’s distance estimates were incorrect: they were based on the assumption that galaxies do not change substantially over time. Tinsley’s work, however, showed that evolution in the structure, age, and chemistry of galaxies was necessary to accurately measure their distances. Her modeling of these properties suggested that the Universe would likely expand forever as an “unbounded Universe” rather than eventually collapsing. This “unbounded” state of the Universe was later confirmed a quarter of a century later using exploding stars as distance indicators instead of galaxies. Beatrice Tinsley was awarded the Annie Jump Cannon Award from the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in 1974, and in 1978 became the first woman astronomy professor at Yale. Tinsley died at age 40 in 1981 from melanoma. In 1985, the AAS created the Beatrice Tinsley Prize to recognize outstanding research contributions to astronomy of an exceptionally creative or innovative character, with the inaugural prize being awarded to Jocelyn Bell Burnell.", +"key_contributions":{ +"Galaxy evolution": "Much of Tinsley’s work focused on how the colors and luminosities of galaxies change over time, both individually and collectively over the course of the Universe. Astronomers knew that stars have different colors and change their colors over time based on studying star clusters in our Milky Way, but Tinsley demonstrated how stellar evolution among populations of stars affects the overall luminosities and colors of galaxies. She also studied the co-evolution of gas and stars in galaxies, including the formation of gas into stars, and the mixing of new elements into the gas after being produced by stars. In general, these works showed how the colors, shapes, luminosities, and chemical properties of galaxies are interrelated and evolve over time.", +"Cosmology": "Tinsley’s work on the evolution of galaxy colors and luminosities had big implications for the history and fate of the Universe. Many measurements of the structure and expansion of the Universe require simultaneous measurements of the velocity and distance to individual galaxies. Measuring distances is particularly difficult, as it usually requires knowing the intrinsic size or luminosity of an object being measured, based on measurements of similar objects in the nearby Universe. Tinsley’s work on galaxy formation showed that galaxies in the early, distant Universe are intrinsically different from those nearby. Her work thus nullified previous attempts to measure cosmological distance from galaxies, but it also laid the groundwork for more accurate measurements of galactic distances and cosmological expansion."}, +"citations":[""], +"layout":"person", +"level":["UGUD"], + +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md b/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md index 35a903a..71e0f9b 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md +++ b/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md @@ -1,40 +1,22 @@ { - "title": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", - "name": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", - "linktitle": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", - "last": "Leavitt", - "institution_of_phd": "Radcliffe College (B.S)", - "field_of_phd": "---", - "year_of_phd": "1892", - "researchAreas": ["astronomy", "observational astronomy", "variable stars", "novae"], - "relevantCourses": [ - "Introduction to Astronomy", - "Observational Astronomy", - "Galactic Dynamics", - "Stellar Structure and Evolution", - "Cosmology", - "Astrophysics", - "Mathematical Physics" - ], - "relevant_concepts": [ - "Astronomy", - "Variable Stars", - "Stellar Distances", - "Distance Ladder", - "Period-Luminosity Relation", - "Leavitt Law" - ], - "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt", - "images": ["/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg"], - "general_bio": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College, which was Harvard’s School for women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal arts college, so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory, where she would become a 'computer'. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that there is a relationship between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s brightness in general. This property can then determine the distance between the earth and the star. Leavitt did suffer from health issues in her life and began to lose her hearing at age 17. In her adult life, she became deaf. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.", - "key_contributions":{ - "Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "Period-Luminosity Relation (Leavitt Law): The Period-Luminosity relation was discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. From this, Leavitt devised the following equation m - M = 5 log(d,10), where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This equation can then determine the distance between us, these Cepheids, and the bodies that the Cepheids are located in. This discovery gave tangible distances of the bodies that surround us and cued scientists into the astronomical size of the universe." - }, - "citations": [ - "https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt", - "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html", - "https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html" - ], - "layout": "person", - "level" : ["G"] -} +"title":"name", +"name":"Virginia Carter", +"linktitle":"Virginia Carter", +"last":"Carter", +"institution_of_phd":"University of Southern California (Masters)", +"field_of_phd":"Physics", +"year_of_phd":"----", +"researchAreas":["Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy","High Atmosphere Conditions"], +"relevantCourses":["Women in Science"], + +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Carter", +"image":"/img/uploads/virginia-carter.jpg", +"general_bio":"Virginia Carter was born in Quebec in 1936 She obtained her masters from the University of Southern California and then obtained a job at Douglas Aircraft Corporation in 1962 where she was the only woman physicist. Carter was also heavily involved in women’s rights, feminist movements, and an advocate for the LGBTQ community. She fought for the enactment of the Equal Rights Amendment in California through her work and presidency in the Los Angeles chapter of NOW. Through her activism, she met Fraces Lear who was a sitcom producer. Because of this connections, Carter began to advise sitcoms and earned the title of director of creative affairs. She began to bring the feminist perspective to several sitcoms including The Jeffersons, All in the Family, and Good Times. She eventually left the TV industry to run J.O. Crystal made synthetic rubies with her partner Judith Osmer. Osmer herself is a chemist and met Carter while working at Douglas Aircraft Corporation. Carter passed away on October 17th, 2024 at the age of 87.", +"key_contributions":{ +“Advisement to TV”: ”Hired by Norman Lear, Virginia Carter advised on several sitcoms. Particularly, Carter provided insights on social issues and marginalized groups. She worked on shows like The Jeffersons, Mary Hartman, and One Day at a Time.” +}, +"citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2024/1https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/1/06/arts/television/virginia-carter-dead.html","https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/"], +"layout":"person", +"level":["UG-LD"], + +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d7e5e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ +"title":"name", +"name":"Ruby Payne-Scott", +"linktitle":"Ruby Payne-Scott", +"last":"Payne-Scott", +"institution_of_phd":"University of Sydney (MSc)", +"field_of_phd":"Physics", +"year_of_phd":"1936", +"researchAreas":["radiophysics","radio astronomy"], +"relevantCourses":["Astronomy"], + +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Payne-Scott", +"image":"/img/uploads/ruby-payne-scott.jpg", +"general_bio":" Ruby Payne Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28th, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to the lack of opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless before joining the Australian government’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist, but Australian law prohibited married women from holding permanent positions in public service. However, Payne-Scott kept her marriage a secret to continue her research. While she was hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves, and she demonstrated that sunspots are associated with increased radio emission from the Sun. Together with scientist Alec Little, she invented the swept-lode interferometer which helped scientists pan the sky for single-wave formations and record movies of solar radio emission. In 1950 it was discovered that she was married, and she was forced to step down from her permanent position. Soon afterwards, she resigned because of the lack of maternity leave. Ruby Payne-Scott returned briefly to radio astronomy to participate in a conference at the University of Sydney in 1952 and later taught at the Danebank School near Sydney for more than a decade. She eventually died from complications of dementia in 1981 at 68 years old. In 2008, CSIRO established the Payne-Scott Award to recognize “researchers returning from family-related career breaks.” The Australian Academy of Science, University of Sydney, and Danebank School also established awards in her honor.", +"key_contributions":{ +"Solar Burst and Solar Flares":"Solar flares are bursts of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun due to the interactions of the Sun’s magnetic field with the ionized particles in the Sun’s interior and atmosphere. As observed by Payne-Scott, these flares originate in active regions of the Sun’s atmosphere, which are often visible as sun spots. While solar flares can be associated with all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, solar radio bursts are specifically visible in radio waves.", +"Swept-Lobe Interferometer":"Interferometers use multiple radio antennas to construct very detailed radio images of objects in the sky. For solar astronomy, this method allows us to determine where on the surface of the Sun radio emission is being produced. The swept-lobe interferometer specifically allowed Payne-Scott to measure radio images of the Sun 25 times per second. This produced a detailed view of where the emission came from and how it was changing over time, enabling a better understanding of the physical processes that produce solar variability and magnetic activity in the Sun."}, +"citations":["https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/","https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/obituaries/ruby-payne-scott-overlooked.html","https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-star-of-radio-astronomy/","https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-flares-radio-blackouts","https://www.nrao.edu/astrores/gbsrbs/Pubs/AJP_07.pdf "], +"layout":"person", +"level":["UGUD","G"], + +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md index f19d0f4..d091bbc 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md +++ b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -{ + "title": "Ruby Payne-Scott", "name": "Ruby Payne-Scott", "linktitle": "Ruby Payne-Scott", diff --git a/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md b/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d3eb1b --- /dev/null +++ b/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ +"title":"name", +"name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", +"linktitle":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", +"last":"Leavitt", +"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S)", +"field_of_phd":"---", +"year_of_phd":"1892", +"researchAreas":["astronomy","observational astronomy","variable stars","novae"], +"relevantCourses":["Introductory Astronomy","Galactic Astronomy","Stellar Astrophysics","Women in Science"], + +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt", +"image":"/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg", +"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard’s School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a “computer”. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.", +"key_contributions":{ +"Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "The Period Luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d, +10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers’ understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain “spiral nebulae” like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way. "}, +"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt","https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html","https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"], +"layout":"person", +"level":["G"], + +} \ No newline at end of file From 92ac54f41868f2f50cf7ed1b15867ba3424c2eff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Katie Ameku Date: Tue, 24 Dec 2024 11:34:40 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 2/6] Deleted Copy of Ruby Pane Scott --- content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md | 22 ---------------------- 1 file changed, 22 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md diff --git a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md deleted file mode 100644 index 7d7e5e3..0000000 --- a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -{ -"title":"name", -"name":"Ruby Payne-Scott", -"linktitle":"Ruby Payne-Scott", -"last":"Payne-Scott", -"institution_of_phd":"University of Sydney (MSc)", -"field_of_phd":"Physics", -"year_of_phd":"1936", -"researchAreas":["radiophysics","radio astronomy"], -"relevantCourses":["Astronomy"], - -"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Payne-Scott", -"image":"/img/uploads/ruby-payne-scott.jpg", -"general_bio":" Ruby Payne Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28th, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to the lack of opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless before joining the Australian government’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist, but Australian law prohibited married women from holding permanent positions in public service. However, Payne-Scott kept her marriage a secret to continue her research. While she was hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves, and she demonstrated that sunspots are associated with increased radio emission from the Sun. Together with scientist Alec Little, she invented the swept-lode interferometer which helped scientists pan the sky for single-wave formations and record movies of solar radio emission. In 1950 it was discovered that she was married, and she was forced to step down from her permanent position. Soon afterwards, she resigned because of the lack of maternity leave. Ruby Payne-Scott returned briefly to radio astronomy to participate in a conference at the University of Sydney in 1952 and later taught at the Danebank School near Sydney for more than a decade. She eventually died from complications of dementia in 1981 at 68 years old. In 2008, CSIRO established the Payne-Scott Award to recognize “researchers returning from family-related career breaks.” The Australian Academy of Science, University of Sydney, and Danebank School also established awards in her honor.", -"key_contributions":{ -"Solar Burst and Solar Flares":"Solar flares are bursts of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun due to the interactions of the Sun’s magnetic field with the ionized particles in the Sun’s interior and atmosphere. As observed by Payne-Scott, these flares originate in active regions of the Sun’s atmosphere, which are often visible as sun spots. While solar flares can be associated with all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, solar radio bursts are specifically visible in radio waves.", -"Swept-Lobe Interferometer":"Interferometers use multiple radio antennas to construct very detailed radio images of objects in the sky. For solar astronomy, this method allows us to determine where on the surface of the Sun radio emission is being produced. The swept-lobe interferometer specifically allowed Payne-Scott to measure radio images of the Sun 25 times per second. This produced a detailed view of where the emission came from and how it was changing over time, enabling a better understanding of the physical processes that produce solar variability and magnetic activity in the Sun."}, -"citations":["https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/","https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/obituaries/ruby-payne-scott-overlooked.html","https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-star-of-radio-astronomy/","https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-flares-radio-blackouts","https://www.nrao.edu/astrores/gbsrbs/Pubs/AJP_07.pdf "], -"layout":"person", -"level":["UGUD","G"], - -} \ No newline at end of file From 34f97b7120dddb7cc1f7ada23e0978f9a54b4982 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Katie Ameku Date: Tue, 24 Dec 2024 12:28:18 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 3/6] Added Nother and fixed the naming error with Swan Leavitt and Virginia Carter --- content/scientist/Emily Noether.md | 22 +++++++++++++++ content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md | 30 ++++++++++----------- content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md | 30 ++++++++++----------- 3 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) create mode 100644 content/scientist/Emily Noether.md diff --git a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b84fe19 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ +"title":"name", +"name":"Emily Noether", +"linktitle":"Emily Noether", +"last":"Noether", +"institution_of_phd":"University of Erlangen", +"field_of_phd":"Mathematics", +"year_of_phd":"1907", +"researchAreas":["Abstract Algebra","Symmetry"], +"relevantCourses":["Modern Physics", "Mathematical Methods", "Classical Mechanics"], + +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Carter", +"image":"/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg", +"general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's Theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazi’s took over Germany and Nother was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. She died 18 months after her arrival in the US of complications for surgery at age 53.", +"key_contributions":{ +“Noether’s Theorem”: “The Noether’s Theorem is a theorem that says that for every physical system there is a law of symmetry. Many modern physics concepts draw heavily from this theorem.” +}, +"citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/science/emmy-noether-the-most-significant-mathematician-youve-never-heard-of.html","https://www.newscientist.com/people/emmy-noether/"], +"layout":"person", +"level":["UG-UD"], + +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md b/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md index 71e0f9b..4d3eb1b 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md +++ b/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ { "title":"name", -"name":"Virginia Carter", -"linktitle":"Virginia Carter", -"last":"Carter", -"institution_of_phd":"University of Southern California (Masters)", -"field_of_phd":"Physics", -"year_of_phd":"----", -"researchAreas":["Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy","High Atmosphere Conditions"], -"relevantCourses":["Women in Science"], +"name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", +"linktitle":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", +"last":"Leavitt", +"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S)", +"field_of_phd":"---", +"year_of_phd":"1892", +"researchAreas":["astronomy","observational astronomy","variable stars","novae"], +"relevantCourses":["Introductory Astronomy","Galactic Astronomy","Stellar Astrophysics","Women in Science"], -"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Carter", -"image":"/img/uploads/virginia-carter.jpg", -"general_bio":"Virginia Carter was born in Quebec in 1936 She obtained her masters from the University of Southern California and then obtained a job at Douglas Aircraft Corporation in 1962 where she was the only woman physicist. Carter was also heavily involved in women’s rights, feminist movements, and an advocate for the LGBTQ community. She fought for the enactment of the Equal Rights Amendment in California through her work and presidency in the Los Angeles chapter of NOW. Through her activism, she met Fraces Lear who was a sitcom producer. Because of this connections, Carter began to advise sitcoms and earned the title of director of creative affairs. She began to bring the feminist perspective to several sitcoms including The Jeffersons, All in the Family, and Good Times. She eventually left the TV industry to run J.O. Crystal made synthetic rubies with her partner Judith Osmer. Osmer herself is a chemist and met Carter while working at Douglas Aircraft Corporation. Carter passed away on October 17th, 2024 at the age of 87.", +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt", +"image":"/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg", +"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard’s School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a “computer”. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.", "key_contributions":{ -“Advisement to TV”: ”Hired by Norman Lear, Virginia Carter advised on several sitcoms. Particularly, Carter provided insights on social issues and marginalized groups. She worked on shows like The Jeffersons, Mary Hartman, and One Day at a Time.” -}, -"citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2024/1https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/1/06/arts/television/virginia-carter-dead.html","https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/"], +"Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "The Period Luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d, +10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers’ understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain “spiral nebulae” like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way. "}, +"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt","https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html","https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"], "layout":"person", -"level":["UG-LD"], +"level":["G"], } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md b/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md index 4d3eb1b..71e0f9b 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md +++ b/content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ { "title":"name", -"name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", -"linktitle":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", -"last":"Leavitt", -"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S)", -"field_of_phd":"---", -"year_of_phd":"1892", -"researchAreas":["astronomy","observational astronomy","variable stars","novae"], -"relevantCourses":["Introductory Astronomy","Galactic Astronomy","Stellar Astrophysics","Women in Science"], +"name":"Virginia Carter", +"linktitle":"Virginia Carter", +"last":"Carter", +"institution_of_phd":"University of Southern California (Masters)", +"field_of_phd":"Physics", +"year_of_phd":"----", +"researchAreas":["Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy","High Atmosphere Conditions"], +"relevantCourses":["Women in Science"], -"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt", -"image":"/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg", -"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard’s School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a “computer”. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.", +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Carter", +"image":"/img/uploads/virginia-carter.jpg", +"general_bio":"Virginia Carter was born in Quebec in 1936 She obtained her masters from the University of Southern California and then obtained a job at Douglas Aircraft Corporation in 1962 where she was the only woman physicist. Carter was also heavily involved in women’s rights, feminist movements, and an advocate for the LGBTQ community. She fought for the enactment of the Equal Rights Amendment in California through her work and presidency in the Los Angeles chapter of NOW. Through her activism, she met Fraces Lear who was a sitcom producer. Because of this connections, Carter began to advise sitcoms and earned the title of director of creative affairs. She began to bring the feminist perspective to several sitcoms including The Jeffersons, All in the Family, and Good Times. She eventually left the TV industry to run J.O. Crystal made synthetic rubies with her partner Judith Osmer. Osmer herself is a chemist and met Carter while working at Douglas Aircraft Corporation. Carter passed away on October 17th, 2024 at the age of 87.", "key_contributions":{ -"Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "The Period Luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d, -10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers’ understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain “spiral nebulae” like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way. "}, -"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt","https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html","https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"], +“Advisement to TV”: ”Hired by Norman Lear, Virginia Carter advised on several sitcoms. Particularly, Carter provided insights on social issues and marginalized groups. She worked on shows like The Jeffersons, Mary Hartman, and One Day at a Time.” +}, +"citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2024/1https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/1/06/arts/television/virginia-carter-dead.html","https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/"], "layout":"person", -"level":["G"], +"level":["UG-LD"], } \ No newline at end of file From 392c2375823cc894c89ecf49426ef8d4cd9f1dd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Katie Ameku Date: Tue, 24 Dec 2024 12:58:53 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 4/6] Added images and fixed Noether's Wikipedia link --- content/scientist/Emily Noether.md | 2 +- static/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg | Bin 0 -> 51423 bytes static/img/uploads/virginia-carter.jpg | Bin 0 -> 10216 bytes 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 static/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg create mode 100644 static/img/uploads/virginia-carter.jpg diff --git a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md index b84fe19..abd7b76 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md +++ b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ "researchAreas":["Abstract Algebra","Symmetry"], "relevantCourses":["Modern Physics", "Mathematical Methods", "Classical Mechanics"], -"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Carter", +"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether", "image":"/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg", "general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's Theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazi’s took over Germany and Nother was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. 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6017b9ce4e6f3e9665c7ee397da0293c976d964a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Javier Duarte Date: Tue, 7 Jan 2025 14:21:23 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 5/6] minor updates --- content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md | 14 ++++++-------- content/scientist/Emily Noether.md | 7 +++---- content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md | 17 ++++++++--------- content/scientist/Robert A. Ellis Jr.md | 2 +- content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md | 8 ++++---- 5 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md b/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md index adb03f8..f67bd7b 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md +++ b/content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md @@ -6,17 +6,15 @@ "institution_of_phd":"Univeristy of Texas Austin", "field_of_phd":"Physics", "year_of_phd":"1968", -"researchAreas":["Galaxies","Cosmology"], -"relevantCourses":["Astronomy","Cosmology"], - +"researchAreas":["Galaxies", "Cosmology"], +"relevantCourses":["Astronomy", "Cosmology"], "wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Tinsley", "image":"/img/uploads/b_tinsley.jpg", -"general_bio":"Beatrice Tinsley was born Beatrice Muriel Hill in England on January 27th, 1941, but she grew up in New Zealand. In 1961, she married Brain Tinsely, who was a peer that also studied physics. She and Brian eventually moved to Texas, where Brian worked at the University of Texas, Dallas. Soon afterwards, Tinsley enrolled in graduate school at the University of Texas, Austin, where she was the only female student. Tinsley commuted 400 miles every week to attend graduate school. In graduate school, Tinsley became very fascinated with cosmology and the exploration of the eventual fate of our universe. Her research focused on the way that galaxies evolve and change over time. Tinsley famously won a heated argument with leading astronomer Allan Sandage, where she argued that he had misinterpreted his data and the fate that he determined for the universe was false. Sandage’s work indicated that the Universe would eventually collapse back into itself in a “Big Crunch,” based on the distances to giant elliptical galaxies that he used to infer the expansion rate of the Universe. However, Tinsley argued that Sandage’s distance estimates were incorrect: they were based on the assumption that galaxies do not change substantially over time. Tinsley’s work, however, showed that evolution in the structure, age, and chemistry of galaxies was necessary to accurately measure their distances. Her modeling of these properties suggested that the Universe would likely expand forever as an “unbounded Universe” rather than eventually collapsing. This “unbounded” state of the Universe was later confirmed a quarter of a century later using exploding stars as distance indicators instead of galaxies. Beatrice Tinsley was awarded the Annie Jump Cannon Award from the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in 1974, and in 1978 became the first woman astronomy professor at Yale. Tinsley died at age 40 in 1981 from melanoma. In 1985, the AAS created the Beatrice Tinsley Prize to recognize outstanding research contributions to astronomy of an exceptionally creative or innovative character, with the inaugural prize being awarded to Jocelyn Bell Burnell.", +"general_bio":"Beatrice Tinsley was born Beatrice Muriel Hill in England on January 27, 1941, but she grew up in New Zealand. In 1961, she married Brain Tinsely, who was a peer that also studied physics. She and Brian eventually moved to Texas, where Brian worked at the University of Texas, Dallas. Soon afterwards, Tinsley enrolled in graduate school at the University of Texas, Austin, where she was the only female student. Tinsley commuted 400 miles every week to attend graduate school. In graduate school, Tinsley became very fascinated with cosmology and the exploration of the eventual fate of our universe. Her research focused on the way that galaxies evolve and change over time. Tinsley famously won a heated argument with leading astronomer Allan Sandage, where she argued that he had misinterpreted his data and the fate that he determined for the universe was false. Sandage's work indicated that the Universe would eventually collapse back into itself in a 'Big Crunch,' based on the distances to giant elliptical galaxies that he used to infer the expansion rate of the Universe. However, Tinsley argued that Sandage's distance estimates were incorrect: they were based on the assumption that galaxies do not change substantially over time. Tinsley's work, however, showed that evolution in the structure, age, and chemistry of galaxies was necessary to accurately measure their distances. Her modeling of these properties suggested that the Universe would likely expand forever as an 'unbounded universe' rather than eventually collapsing. This 'unbounded' state of the universe was later confirmed a quarter of a century later using exploding stars as distance indicators instead of galaxies. Beatrice Tinsley was awarded the Annie Jump Cannon Award from the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in 1974, and in 1978 became the first woman astronomy professor at Yale. Tinsley died at age 40 in 1981 from melanoma. In 1985, the AAS created the Beatrice Tinsley Prize to recognize outstanding research contributions to astronomy of an exceptionally creative or innovative character, with the inaugural prize being awarded to Jocelyn Bell Burnell.", "key_contributions":{ -"Galaxy evolution": "Much of Tinsley’s work focused on how the colors and luminosities of galaxies change over time, both individually and collectively over the course of the Universe. Astronomers knew that stars have different colors and change their colors over time based on studying star clusters in our Milky Way, but Tinsley demonstrated how stellar evolution among populations of stars affects the overall luminosities and colors of galaxies. She also studied the co-evolution of gas and stars in galaxies, including the formation of gas into stars, and the mixing of new elements into the gas after being produced by stars. In general, these works showed how the colors, shapes, luminosities, and chemical properties of galaxies are interrelated and evolve over time.", -"Cosmology": "Tinsley’s work on the evolution of galaxy colors and luminosities had big implications for the history and fate of the Universe. Many measurements of the structure and expansion of the Universe require simultaneous measurements of the velocity and distance to individual galaxies. Measuring distances is particularly difficult, as it usually requires knowing the intrinsic size or luminosity of an object being measured, based on measurements of similar objects in the nearby Universe. Tinsley’s work on galaxy formation showed that galaxies in the early, distant Universe are intrinsically different from those nearby. Her work thus nullified previous attempts to measure cosmological distance from galaxies, but it also laid the groundwork for more accurate measurements of galactic distances and cosmological expansion."}, +"Galaxy evolution": "Much of Tinsley's work focused on how the colors and luminosities of galaxies change over time, both individually and collectively over the course of the Universe. Astronomers knew that stars have different colors and change their colors over time based on studying star clusters in our Milky Way, but Tinsley demonstrated how stellar evolution among populations of stars affects the overall luminosities and colors of galaxies. She also studied the co-evolution of gas and stars in galaxies, including the formation of gas into stars, and the mixing of new elements into the gas after being produced by stars. In general, these works showed how the colors, shapes, luminosities, and chemical properties of galaxies are interrelated and evolve over time.", +"Cosmology": "Tinsley�s work on the evolution of galaxy colors and luminosities had big implications for the history and fate of the Universe. Many measurements of the structure and expansion of the Universe require simultaneous measurements of the velocity and distance to individual galaxies. Measuring distances is particularly difficult, as it usually requires knowing the intrinsic size or luminosity of an object being measured, based on measurements of similar objects in the nearby Universe. Tinsley's work on galaxy formation showed that galaxies in the early, distant Universe are intrinsically different from those nearby. Her work thus nullified previous attempts to measure cosmological distance from galaxies, but it also laid the groundwork for more accurate measurements of galactic distances and cosmological expansion."}, "citations":[""], "layout":"person", -"level":["UGUD"], - +"level":["UGUD"] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md index abd7b76..2f05d23 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md +++ b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md @@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ "institution_of_phd":"University of Erlangen", "field_of_phd":"Mathematics", "year_of_phd":"1907", -"researchAreas":["Abstract Algebra","Symmetry"], +"researchAreas":["Abstract Algebra", "Symmetry"], "relevantCourses":["Modern Physics", "Mathematical Methods", "Classical Mechanics"], - "wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether", "image":"/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg", -"general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's Theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazi’s took over Germany and Nother was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. She died 18 months after her arrival in the US of complications for surgery at age 53.", +"general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's Theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazi�s took over Germany and Nother was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. She died 18 months after her arrival in the US of complications for surgery at age 53.", "key_contributions":{ -“Noether’s Theorem”: “The Noether’s Theorem is a theorem that says that for every physical system there is a law of symmetry. Many modern physics concepts draw heavily from this theorem.” +�Noether�s Theorem�: �The Noether�s Theorem is a theorem that says that for every physical system there is a law of symmetry. Many modern physics concepts draw heavily from this theorem.� }, "citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/science/emmy-noether-the-most-significant-mathematician-youve-never-heard-of.html","https://www.newscientist.com/people/emmy-noether/"], "layout":"person", diff --git a/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md b/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md index 4d3eb1b..eaa7b74 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md +++ b/content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md @@ -3,20 +3,19 @@ "name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "linktitle":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "last":"Leavitt", -"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S)", -"field_of_phd":"---", +"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S.)", +"field_of_phd":"Astronomy", "year_of_phd":"1892", "researchAreas":["astronomy","observational astronomy","variable stars","novae"], "relevantCourses":["Introductory Astronomy","Galactic Astronomy","Stellar Astrophysics","Women in Science"], - "wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt", "image":"/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg", -"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard’s School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a “computer”. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.", +"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard's School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a 'computer.' In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star's period of dimming and the star�s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12, 1921.", "key_contributions":{ -"Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "The Period Luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d, -10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers’ understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain “spiral nebulae” like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way. "}, -"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt","https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html","https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"], +"Leavitt Law, Period-luminosity relation" : "The period-luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d, 10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers' understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain 'spiral nebulae' like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way."}, +"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt", +"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html", +"https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"], "layout":"person", -"level":["G"], - +"level":["G"] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/scientist/Robert A. Ellis Jr.md b/content/scientist/Robert A. Ellis Jr.md index bd11c7a..59a6069 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Robert A. Ellis Jr.md +++ b/content/scientist/Robert A. Ellis Jr.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ellis_(physicist)", "general_bio": "Robert A. Ellis Jr. was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1927. Ellis earned his bachelor's degree from Fisk University and his master's from Yale University. Ellis became an instructor at the Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State College, at the time an all-Black institution (now Tennessee State University); Ellis later was promoted to full professor there. On leave from that position, he completed PhD work at the University of Iowa, where he was James Van Allen’s first PhD student. He designed payloads for balloon-launched rockets to study cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. From the obituary in Physics Today, 'Van Allen' urged him to seek a position at a research university. But Bob’s commitment to black. In 1956, Ellis joined Project Matterhorn (later became the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory) to work in a group led by Lyman Spitzer Jr., who invented the stellarator. Remained at PPPL until his death in 1989. He committed to furthering international cooperation and collaboration in science, in various positions (including spending 6 months at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk, USSR in 1969; 2 years as head of the physics section of the IAEA).", "key_contributions": { - "Stellarators and Tokamaks": "Tokamaks and Stellarators are both machines used for energy fusion. Energy fusion could offer a solution to the energy crisis because it would offer an alternative energy source with an abundance of fuel and no greenhouse gasses or radioactive waste would be produced. Tokamaks and Stellarators are both fusion reactors that hold plasmas in magnetic fields that heat up to an extremely high temperature that is necessary for hydrogen nuclei to fuse together. Tokamaks are more common to encounter due to their ability to hold in plasma and maintain temperature easier than the Stellarators. Additionally, Tokamaks’ donut shape, opposed to the Stellarator’s more twisted ring shape, makes it easier to build and design. However, Stellarators do not have magnetic disruptions that Tokamaks have. Ellis worked on both Stellarators and Tokamaks." + "Stellarators and Tokamaks": "Tokamaks and Stellarators are both machines used for energy fusion. Energy fusion could offer a solution to the energy crisis because it would offer an alternative energy source with an abundance of fuel and no greenhouse gasses or radioactive waste would be produced. Tokamaks and Stellarators are both fusion reactors that hold plasmas in magnetic fields that heat up to an extremely high temperature that is necessary for hydrogen nuclei to fuse together. Tokamaks are more common to encounter due to their ability to hold in plasma and maintain temperature easier than the Stellarators. Additionally, Tokamaks’ donut shape, opposed to the Stellarator's more twisted ring shape, makes it easier to build and design. However, Stellarators do not have magnetic disruptions that Tokamaks have. Ellis worked on both Stellarators and Tokamaks." }, "citations": [ "https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/44/3/86/406525/Robert-A-Ellis-Jr", diff --git a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md index d091bbc..0586d38 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md +++ b/content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ - +{ "title": "Ruby Payne-Scott", "name": "Ruby Payne-Scott", "linktitle": "Ruby Payne-Scott", "last": "Payne-Scott", - "institution_of_phd": "University of Sydney (MSc)", + "institution_of_phd": "University of Sydney (M.S.)", "field_of_phd": "Physics", "year_of_phd": "1936", "researchAreas": ["radiophysics", "radio astronomy"], @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ ], "relevant_concepts": ["Solar Radio Bursts", "Radio Astronomy", "Solar Flares"], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Payne-Scott", - "general_bio": "Ruby Payne-Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28th, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to limited opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless. In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist. Although it was expected that she would quit her job once married, she kept her marriage a secret to continue her research.[CITE 1] While hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves[CITE 2] and assisted in the invention of the swept-lobe interferometer, which helped scientists scan the sky for single wave formations[CITE 3]. However, in 1950 it was discovered that she was married and she was forced to resign[CITE 4]. Ruby Payne-Scott died of dementia complications in 1981 at 68 years old.", + "general_bio": "Ruby Payne-Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to limited opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless. In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist. Although it was expected that she would quit her job once married, she kept her marriage a secret to continue her research [CITE 1]. While hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves[CITE 2] and assisted in the invention of the swept-lobe interferometer, which helped scientists scan the sky for single wave formations [CITE 3]. However, in 1950 it was discovered that she was married and she was forced to resign [CITE 4]. Ruby Payne-Scott died of dementia complications in 1981 at 68 years old.", "key_contributions": { - "Solar Flares and Solar Bursts": "Solar flares are a burst of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun, usually from sunspots. Solar radio bursts are also electromagnetic waves from the accelerated electrons that come from around the solar flare site.[CITE 2]" + "Solar Flares and Solar Bursts": "Solar flares are a burst of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun, usually from sunspots. Solar radio bursts are also electromagnetic waves from the accelerated electrons that come from around the solar flare site [CITE 2]." }, "citations": [ "https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/", From 34582b09a9fa615d8290a0acef3b52902790477b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Javier Duarte Date: Tue, 7 Jan 2025 18:36:37 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 6/6] edit --- content/scientist/Emily Noether.md | 7 +++---- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md index 2f05d23..06df603 100644 --- a/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md +++ b/content/scientist/Emily Noether.md @@ -10,12 +10,11 @@ "relevantCourses":["Modern Physics", "Mathematical Methods", "Classical Mechanics"], "wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether", "image":"/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg", -"general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's Theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazi�s took over Germany and Nother was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. She died 18 months after her arrival in the US of complications for surgery at age 53.", +"general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazis took over Germany and Noether was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. She died 18 months after her arrival in the US of complications for surgery at age 53.", "key_contributions":{ -�Noether�s Theorem�: �The Noether�s Theorem is a theorem that says that for every physical system there is a law of symmetry. Many modern physics concepts draw heavily from this theorem.� +"Noether's theorem": "Noether's theorem states that for every continuous symmetry of a physical system there is a corresponding conservation law. For example, if a physical process exhibits the same outcomes regardless of location or time, then it is symmetric under continuous translations in space and time respectively. By Noether's theorem, these symmetries account for the conservation laws of linear momentum and energy within this system, respectively." }, "citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/science/emmy-noether-the-most-significant-mathematician-youve-never-heard-of.html","https://www.newscientist.com/people/emmy-noether/"], "layout":"person", -"level":["UG-UD"], - +"level":["UG-UD"] } \ No newline at end of file