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Bare metal RISC-V assembly hello world

This is a bare metal 64-bit RISC-V assembly program outputing Hello.. It is compiled with the riscv-gnu-toolchain and can be run with the QEMU sifive_u and sifive_e machines.

I searched for such a program on the Internet but the only examples I found were either bare metal C, or assembly but relying on an OS. Eventually I took the bare metal hello program from the riscv-probe repository and stripped everything I could. The result can be disassembled and serve as a guide to adapt other hello world examples.

Toolchain

I'm using Nix and use a toolchain provided by Nixpkgs's cross-compiling infrastructure. This repository contains a shell.nix file, and the example commands in this README can be followed with either nix-shell --attr riscv64 for the sifive_u case, or nix-shell --attr riscv32 for the sifive_e case.

Someone seems to have success with the SiFive binaries as seen in the first issue.

Building for the sifive_u machine

Assuming the toolchain is in the $PATH, running the following produces our hello program.

$ riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc -march=rv64g -mabi=lp64 -static -mcmodel=medany \
  -fvisibility=hidden -nostdlib -nostartfiles -Tsifive_u/hello.ld -Isifive_u \
  hello.s -o hello

The result is a 64-bit RISC-V binary compatible with QEMU sifive_u machine.

$ file hello
hello: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), statically
linked, not stripped

Run it with:

$ qemu-system-riscv64 -nographic -machine sifive_u -bios none -kernel hello
Hello.
QEMU: Terminated

Note: the program enters an infinite loop after producing the Hello. text. Type ctrl-a x to stop QEMU.

Building for the sifive_e machine

This program can be compiled for more resticted machines like sifive_e that support 32-bit RISC-V, have small amount of RAM and require executable code to be placed in ROM with different start address.

Assuming the toolchain is in the $PATH, running the following produces our hello program, but now ready for sifive_e.

$ riscv32-none-elf-gcc -march=rv32g -mabi=ilp32 -static -mcmodel=medany \
  -fvisibility=hidden -nostdlib -nostartfiles -Tsifive_e/hello.ld -Isifive_e \
  hello.s -o hello

Note: using either riscv32-none-elf-gcc or riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc works.

Run it with:

$ qemu-system-riscv32 -nographic -machine sifive_e -bios none -kernel hello
Hello.
QEMU: Terminated

Note: the program enters an infinite loop after producing the Hello. text. Type ctrl-a x to stop QEMU.

Assembly

To disassemble the program (here the one for the sifive_u machine):

$ riscv64-unknown-elf-objdump -d hello
hello:     file format elf64-littleriscv


Disassembly of section .text:

0000000080000000 <_start>:
    80000000:	f14022f3         csrr	t0,mhartid
    80000004:	00029c63         bnez	t0,8000001c <halt>
    80000008:	00008117         auipc	sp,0x8
    8000000c:	04410113         addi	sp,sp,68 # 8000804c <_end>
    80000010:	00000517         auipc	a0,0x0
    80000014:	03450513         addi	a0,a0,52 # 80000044 <msg>
    80000018:	008000ef         jal	ra,80000020 <puts>

000000008000001c <halt>:
    8000001c:	0000006f         j	8000001c <halt>

0000000080000020 <puts>:
    80000020:	100102b7         lui	t0,0x10010
    80000024:	00054303         lbu	t1,0(a0)
    80000028:	00030c63         beqz	t1,80000040 <puts+0x20>
    8000002c:	0002a383         lw	t2,0(t0) # 10010000 <UART_BASE>
    80000030:	fe03cee3         bltz	t2,8000002c <puts+0xc>
    80000034:	0062a023         sw	t1,0(t0)
    80000038:	00150513         addi	a0,a0,1
    8000003c:	fe9ff06f         j	80000024 <puts+0x4>
    80000040:	00008067         ret

Elsewhere

Here is a link to another repository that links back to this repository, and that may be worth checking out.