Add Concept Exercise Metadata files: the-realm-of-echoes

exercises/concept/the-realm-of-echoes/.docs/hints.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Hints
+
+## General  
+
+- [The Cairo Book: ByteArrays][book-bytearrays]  
+- [Starknet By Example: Strings & ByteArrays][sbe-strings]  
+
+### 1. Format a magical chant  
+
+- Use the `format!` macro to combine multiple `ByteArray` inputs into a single string.  
+- Separate the chants with a delimiter such as `"-"` to match the expected output.  
+- Ensure the output is returned as a `ByteArray`.  
+
+### 2. Implement a `Display` trait for `EchoStone`  
+
+- The `Display` trait allows you to define how the `EchoStone` should appear when printed with `{}`.  
+- Use the `write!` macro within the `fmt` function to format the output string.  
+- Include both `power` and `duration` fields in a clear and concise format, e.g., `EchoStone [power: X, duration: Y]`.  
+
+### 3. Implement a `Debug` trait for `EchoStone`  
+
+- The `Debug` trait is used for debugging purposes, allowing for more detailed or structured output when printed with `{:?}`.  
+- Follow a clear debugging format, such as `Debugging EchoStone: { power: X, duration: Y }`.  
+- Use the `write!` macro to create the debug output.  
+
+[book-bytearrays]: https://book.cairo-lang.org/ch02-02-data-types.html#string-types
+[sbe-strings]: https://starknet-by-example.voyager.online/getting-started/basics/bytearrays-strings

exercises/concept/the-realm-of-echoes/.docs/introduction.md

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+# Introduction
+
+Printing in Cairo allows you to display messages or debug information during program execution.
+
+## Basics
+
+Cairo provides two macros for printing:
+
+- `println!`: Outputs a message followed by a newline.
+- `print!`: Outputs a message without a newline.
+
+```rust
+println!("Hello, Cairo!"); 
+println!("x = {}, y = {}", 10, 20); 
+```
+
+Placeholders `{}` are replaced with provided values.
+
+## Formatting Strings
+
+Use `format!` to create a `ByteArray` without immediately printing:
+
+```rust
+let result = format!("{}-{}-{}", "tic", "tac", "toe");
+println!("{}", result); // Output: tic-tac-toe
+```
+
+## Custom Data Types
+
+For custom types, implement `Display` or derive `Debug` for printing:
+
+```rust
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Point { x: u8, y: u8 }
+
+let p = Point { x: 3, y: 4 };
+println!("{:?}", p); // Debug output: Point { x: 3, y: 4 }
+```
+
+## Hexadecimal Printing
+
+Use `{:x}` to print integers as hexadecimal:
+
+```rust
+println!("{:x}", 255); // Output: ff
+```

exercises/concept/the-realm-of-echoes/.meta/config.json

@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
       "Scarb.toml"
     ]
   },
-  "blurb": "<blurb>"
+  "blurb": "Learn printing and formatting values with the art of EchoSpeak."
 }

exercises/concept/the-realm-of-echoes/.meta/design.md

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+# Design
+
+## Goal
+
+Introduce students to the use of formatting traits like `Display` and `Debug` and how to concatenate strings effectively using the `format!` macro.
+
+## Learning Objectives
+
+- Understand and implement the `Display` trait for custom types.
+- Understand and implement the `Debug` trait for custom types.
+- Learn how to use the `format!` macro to concatenate strings and format output.
+- Explore the differences between the `Display` and `Debug` traits in formatting.
+
+## Out of Scope
+
+- Advanced string manipulation techniques.
+- Error handling mechanisms beyond basic usage.
+- Interaction with non-primitive custom types within formatting.
+
+## Concepts
+
+- printing
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- traits
+- strings
+- structs
+
+## Resources to Refer To
+
+- [Cairo Book - Printing][printing]
+- [Cairo Book - Macros][macros]
+
+[printing]: https://book.cairo-lang.org/ch11-08-printing.html
+[macros]: https://book.cairo-lang.org/ch11-05-macros.html

exercises/concept/the-realm-of-echoes/tests/the_realm_of_echoes.cairo

@@ -1,21 +1,86 @@
 use the_realm_of_echoes::{EchoStone, format_magical_chant};
 
+const U32_MAX: u32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+#[test]
+fn format_magical_chant_basic() {
+    let chant1 = "abra";
+    let chant2 = "cadabra";
+    let chant3 = "alakazam";
+    assert_eq!(format_magical_chant(chant1, chant2, chant3), "abra-cadabra-alakazam");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn format_magical_chant_empty_strings() {
+    let chant1 = "";
+    let chant2 = "";
+    let chant3 = "";
+    assert_eq!(format_magical_chant(chant1, chant2, chant3), "--");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn format_magical_chant_mixed_empty_and_non_empty() {
+    let chant1 = "abra";
+    let chant2 = "";
+    let chant3 = "alakazam";
+    assert_eq!(format_magical_chant(chant1, chant2, chant3), "abra--alakazam");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn format_magical_chant_with_special_characters() {
+    let chant1 = "ab@ra";
+    let chant2 = "ca!dabra";
+    let chant3 = "ala#kazam";
+    assert_eq!(format_magical_chant(chant1, chant2, chant3), "ab@ra-ca!dabra-ala#kazam");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn echo_stone_display_basic() {
+    let stone = EchoStone { power: 100, duration: 50 };
+    assert_eq!(format!("{stone}"), "EchoStone [power: 100, duration: 50]");
+}
+
 #[test]
-fn test_format_magical_chant() {
-    let result = format_magical_chant("Spark", "Shine", "Glow");
-    assert_eq!(result, "Spark-Shine-Glow");
+#[ignore]
+fn echo_stone_display_zero_values() {
+    let stone = EchoStone { power: 0, duration: 0 };
+    assert_eq!(format!("{stone}"), "EchoStone [power: 0, duration: 0]");
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn echo_stone_display_large_values() {
+    let stone = EchoStone { power: U32_MAX, duration: U32_MAX };
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{stone}"), format!("EchoStone [power: {}, duration: {}]", U32_MAX, U32_MAX),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn echo_stone_debug_basic() {
+    let stone = EchoStone { power: 100, duration: 50 };
+    assert_eq!(format!("{stone:?}"), "Debugging EchoStone: { power: 100, duration: 50 }");
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[ignore]
-fn test_stringify_echo_stone() {
-    let stone = EchoStone { power: 100, duration: 300 };
-    assert_eq!(format!("{stone}"), "EchoStone [power: 100, duration: 300]");
+fn echo_stone_debug_zero_values() {
+    let stone = EchoStone { power: 0, duration: 0 };
+    assert_eq!(format!("{stone:?}"), "Debugging EchoStone: { power: 0, duration: 0 }");
 }
 
 #[test]
 #[ignore]
-fn test_debug_echo_stone() {
-    let stone = EchoStone { power: 100, duration: 300 };
-    assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", stone), "Debugging EchoStone: { power: 100, duration: 300 }");
+fn echo_stone_debug_large_values() {
+    let stone = EchoStone { power: U32_MAX, duration: U32_MAX };
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{stone:?}"),
+        format!("Debugging EchoStone: {{ power: {}, duration: {} }}", U32_MAX, U32_MAX),
+    );
 }