Added Virginia Carter

content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md

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+{
+"title":"Beatrice Tinsley",
+"name":"Beatrice Tinsley",
+"linktitle":"Beatrice Tinsley",
+"last":"Tinsley",
+"institution_of_phd":"Univeristy of Texas Austin",
+"field_of_phd":"Physics",
+"year_of_phd":"1968",
+"researchAreas":["Galaxies","Cosmology"],
+"relevantCourses":["Astronomy","Cosmology"],
+
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Tinsley",
+"image":"/img/uploads/b_tinsley.jpg",
+"general_bio":"Beatrice Tinsley was born Beatrice Muriel Hill in England on January 27th, 1941, but she grew up in New Zealand. In 1961, she married Brain Tinsely, who was a peer that also studied physics. She and Brian eventually moved to Texas, where Brian worked at the University of Texas, Dallas. Soon afterwards, Tinsley enrolled in graduate school at the University of Texas, Austin, where she was the only female student. Tinsley commuted 400 miles every week to attend graduate school. In graduate school, Tinsley became very fascinated with cosmology and the exploration of the eventual fate of our universe. Her research focused on the way that galaxies evolve and change over time. Tinsley famously won a heated argument with leading astronomer Allan Sandage, where she argued that he had misinterpreted his data and the fate that he determined for the universe was false. Sandage’s work indicated that the Universe would eventually collapse back into itself in a “Big Crunch,” based on the distances to giant elliptical galaxies that he used to infer the expansion rate of the Universe. However, Tinsley argued that Sandage’s distance estimates were incorrect: they were based on the assumption that galaxies do not change substantially over time. Tinsley’s work, however, showed that evolution in the structure, age, and chemistry of galaxies was necessary to accurately measure their distances. Her modeling of these properties suggested that the Universe would likely expand forever as an “unbounded Universe” rather than eventually collapsing. This “unbounded” state of the Universe was later confirmed a quarter of a century later using exploding stars as distance indicators instead of galaxies. Beatrice Tinsley was awarded the Annie Jump Cannon Award from the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in 1974, and in 1978 became the first woman astronomy professor at Yale. Tinsley died at age 40 in 1981 from melanoma. In 1985, the AAS created the Beatrice Tinsley Prize to recognize outstanding research contributions to astronomy of an exceptionally creative or innovative character, with the inaugural prize being awarded to Jocelyn Bell Burnell.",
+"key_contributions":{
+"Galaxy evolution": "Much of Tinsley’s work focused on how the colors and luminosities of galaxies change over time, both individually and collectively over the course of the Universe. Astronomers knew that stars have different colors and change their colors over time based on studying star clusters in our Milky Way, but Tinsley demonstrated how stellar evolution among populations of stars affects the overall luminosities and colors of galaxies. She also studied the co-evolution of gas and stars in galaxies, including the formation of gas into stars, and the mixing of new elements into the gas after being produced by stars. In general, these works showed how the colors, shapes, luminosities, and chemical properties of galaxies are interrelated and evolve over time.",
+"Cosmology": "Tinsley’s work on the evolution of galaxy colors and luminosities had big implications for the history and fate of the Universe. Many measurements of the structure and expansion of the Universe require simultaneous measurements of the velocity and distance to individual galaxies. Measuring distances is particularly difficult, as it usually requires knowing the intrinsic size or luminosity of an object being measured, based on measurements of similar objects in the nearby Universe. Tinsley’s work on galaxy formation showed that galaxies in the early, distant Universe are intrinsically different from those nearby. Her work thus nullified previous attempts to measure cosmological distance from galaxies, but it also laid the groundwork for more accurate measurements of galactic distances and cosmological expansion."},
+"citations":[""],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["UGUD"],
+
+}

content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md

@@ -1,40 +1,22 @@
 {
-  "title": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
-  "name": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
-  "linktitle": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
-  "last": "Leavitt",
-  "institution_of_phd": "Radcliffe College (B.S)",
-  "field_of_phd": "---",
-  "year_of_phd": "1892",
-  "researchAreas": ["astronomy", "observational astronomy", "variable stars", "novae"],
-  "relevantCourses": [
-    "Introduction to Astronomy",
-    "Observational Astronomy",
-    "Galactic Dynamics",
-    "Stellar Structure and Evolution",
-    "Cosmology",
-    "Astrophysics",
-    "Mathematical Physics"
-  ],
-  "relevant_concepts": [
-    "Astronomy",
-    "Variable Stars",
-    "Stellar Distances",
-    "Distance Ladder",
-    "Period-Luminosity Relation",
-    "Leavitt Law"
-  ],
-  "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt",
-  "images": ["/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg"],
-  "general_bio": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College, which was Harvard’s School for women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal arts college, so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory, where she would become a 'computer'. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that there is a relationship between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s brightness in general. This property can then determine the distance between the earth and the star. Leavitt did suffer from health issues in her life and began to lose her hearing at age 17. In her adult life, she became deaf. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.",
-  "key_contributions":{
-      "Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "Period-Luminosity Relation (Leavitt Law): The Period-Luminosity relation was discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. From this, Leavitt devised the following equation m - M = 5 log(d,10), where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This equation can then determine the distance between us, these Cepheids, and the bodies that the Cepheids are located in. This discovery gave tangible distances of the bodies that surround us and cued scientists into the astronomical size of the universe."
-  },
-  "citations": [
-    "https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt",
-    "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html",
-    "https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"
-  ],
-  "layout": "person",
-  "level" : ["G"]
-}
+"title":"name",
+"name":"Virginia Carter",
+"linktitle":"Virginia Carter",
+"last":"Carter",
+"institution_of_phd":"University of Southern California (Masters)",
+"field_of_phd":"Physics",
+"year_of_phd":"----",
+"researchAreas":["Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy","High Atmosphere Conditions"],
+"relevantCourses":["Women in Science"],
+
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Carter",
+"image":"/img/uploads/virginia-carter.jpg",
+"general_bio":"Virginia Carter was born in Quebec in 1936  She obtained her masters from the University of Southern California and then obtained a job at Douglas Aircraft Corporation in 1962 where she was the only woman physicist. Carter was also heavily involved in women’s rights, feminist movements, and an advocate for the LGBTQ community. She fought for the enactment of the Equal Rights Amendment in California through her work and presidency in the Los Angeles chapter of NOW. Through her activism, she met Fraces Lear who was a sitcom producer. Because of this connections, Carter began to advise sitcoms and earned the title of director of creative affairs. She began to bring the feminist perspective to several sitcoms including The Jeffersons, All in the Family,  and Good Times. She eventually left the TV industry to run J.O. Crystal made synthetic rubies with her partner Judith Osmer. Osmer herself is a chemist and met Carter while working at Douglas Aircraft Corporation. Carter passed away on October 17th, 2024 at the age of 87.",
+"key_contributions":{
+“Advisement to TV”: ”Hired by Norman Lear, Virginia Carter advised on several sitcoms. Particularly, Carter provided insights on social issues and marginalized groups. She worked on shows like The Jeffersons, Mary Hartman, and One Day at a Time.” 
+},
+"citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2024/1https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/1/06/arts/television/virginia-carter-dead.html","https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/virginia-carter-dead-norman-lear-adviser-1236048009/"],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["UG-LD"],
+
+}

content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott (2).md

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+{
+"title":"name",
+"name":"Ruby Payne-Scott",
+"linktitle":"Ruby Payne-Scott",
+"last":"Payne-Scott",
+"institution_of_phd":"University of Sydney (MSc)",
+"field_of_phd":"Physics",
+"year_of_phd":"1936",
+"researchAreas":["radiophysics","radio astronomy"],
+"relevantCourses":["Astronomy"],
+
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Payne-Scott",
+"image":"/img/uploads/ruby-payne-scott.jpg",
+"general_bio":" Ruby Payne Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28th, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to the lack of opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless before joining the Australian government’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist, but Australian law prohibited married women from holding permanent positions in public service. However, Payne-Scott kept her marriage a secret to continue her research. While she was hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves, and she demonstrated that sunspots are associated with increased radio emission from the Sun. Together with scientist Alec Little, she invented the swept-lode interferometer which helped scientists pan the sky for single-wave formations and record movies of solar radio emission. In 1950 it was discovered that she was married, and she was forced to step down from her permanent position. Soon afterwards, she resigned because of the lack of maternity leave. Ruby Payne-Scott returned briefly to radio astronomy to participate in a conference at the University of Sydney in 1952 and later taught at the Danebank School near Sydney for more than a decade. She eventually died from complications of dementia in 1981 at 68 years old. In 2008, CSIRO established the Payne-Scott Award to recognize “researchers returning from family-related career breaks.” The Australian Academy of Science, University of Sydney, and Danebank School also established awards in her honor.",
+"key_contributions":{
+"Solar Burst and Solar Flares":"Solar flares are bursts of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun due to the interactions of the Sun’s magnetic field with the ionized particles in the Sun’s interior and atmosphere. As observed by Payne-Scott, these flares originate in active regions of the Sun’s atmosphere, which are often visible as sun spots. While solar flares can be associated with all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, solar radio bursts are specifically visible in radio waves.",
+"Swept-Lobe Interferometer":"Interferometers use multiple radio antennas to construct very detailed radio images of objects in the sky. For solar astronomy, this method allows us to determine where on the surface of the Sun radio emission is being produced. The swept-lobe interferometer specifically allowed Payne-Scott to measure radio images of the Sun 25 times per second. This produced a detailed view of where the emission came from and how it was changing over time, enabling a better understanding of the physical processes that produce solar variability and magnetic activity in the Sun."},
+"citations":["https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/","https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/obituaries/ruby-payne-scott-overlooked.html","https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-star-of-radio-astronomy/","https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-flares-radio-blackouts","https://www.nrao.edu/astrores/gbsrbs/Pubs/AJP_07.pdf "],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["UGUD","G"],
+
+}

content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-{
+
   "title": "Ruby Payne-Scott",
   "name": "Ruby Payne-Scott",
   "linktitle": "Ruby Payne-Scott",

content/scientist/Virginia Carter.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+"title":"name",
+"name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
+"linktitle":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
+"last":"Leavitt",
+"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S)",
+"field_of_phd":"---",
+"year_of_phd":"1892",
+"researchAreas":["astronomy","observational astronomy","variable stars","novae"],
+"relevantCourses":["Introductory Astronomy","Galactic Astronomy","Stellar Astrophysics","Women in Science"],
+
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt",
+"image":"/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg",
+"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard’s School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a “computer”. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.",
+"key_contributions":{
+"Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "The Period Luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d,
+10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers’ understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain “spiral nebulae” like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way. "},
+"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt","https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html","https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["G"],
+
+}