Adding Entries - Before Christmas

content/scientist/Beatrice Tinsley.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+"title":"Beatrice Tinsley",
+"name":"Beatrice Tinsley",
+"linktitle":"Beatrice Tinsley",
+"last":"Tinsley",
+"institution_of_phd":"Univeristy of Texas Austin",
+"field_of_phd":"Physics",
+"year_of_phd":"1968",
+"researchAreas":["Galaxies", "Cosmology"],
+"relevantCourses":["Astronomy", "Cosmology"],
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Tinsley",
+"image":"/img/uploads/b_tinsley.jpg",
+"general_bio":"Beatrice Tinsley was born Beatrice Muriel Hill in England on January 27, 1941, but she grew up in New Zealand. In 1961, she married Brain Tinsely, who was a peer that also studied physics. She and Brian eventually moved to Texas, where Brian worked at the University of Texas, Dallas. Soon afterwards, Tinsley enrolled in graduate school at the University of Texas, Austin, where she was the only female student. Tinsley commuted 400 miles every week to attend graduate school. In graduate school, Tinsley became very fascinated with cosmology and the exploration of the eventual fate of our universe. Her research focused on the way that galaxies evolve and change over time. Tinsley famously won a heated argument with leading astronomer Allan Sandage, where she argued that he had misinterpreted his data and the fate that he determined for the universe was false. Sandage's work indicated that the Universe would eventually collapse back into itself in a 'Big Crunch,' based on the distances to giant elliptical galaxies that he used to infer the expansion rate of the Universe. However, Tinsley argued that Sandage's distance estimates were incorrect: they were based on the assumption that galaxies do not change substantially over time. Tinsley's work, however, showed that evolution in the structure, age, and chemistry of galaxies was necessary to accurately measure their distances. Her modeling of these properties suggested that the Universe would likely expand forever as an 'unbounded universe' rather than eventually collapsing. This 'unbounded' state of the universe was later confirmed a quarter of a century later using exploding stars as distance indicators instead of galaxies. Beatrice Tinsley was awarded the Annie Jump Cannon Award from the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in 1974, and in 1978 became the first woman astronomy professor at Yale. Tinsley died at age 40 in 1981 from melanoma. In 1985, the AAS created the Beatrice Tinsley Prize to recognize outstanding research contributions to astronomy of an exceptionally creative or innovative character, with the inaugural prize being awarded to Jocelyn Bell Burnell.",
+"key_contributions":{
+"Galaxy evolution": "Much of Tinsley's work focused on how the colors and luminosities of galaxies change over time, both individually and collectively over the course of the Universe. Astronomers knew that stars have different colors and change their colors over time based on studying star clusters in our Milky Way, but Tinsley demonstrated how stellar evolution among populations of stars affects the overall luminosities and colors of galaxies. She also studied the co-evolution of gas and stars in galaxies, including the formation of gas into stars, and the mixing of new elements into the gas after being produced by stars. In general, these works showed how the colors, shapes, luminosities, and chemical properties of galaxies are interrelated and evolve over time.",
+"Cosmology": "Tinsley�s work on the evolution of galaxy colors and luminosities had big implications for the history and fate of the Universe. Many measurements of the structure and expansion of the Universe require simultaneous measurements of the velocity and distance to individual galaxies. Measuring distances is particularly difficult, as it usually requires knowing the intrinsic size or luminosity of an object being measured, based on measurements of similar objects in the nearby Universe. Tinsley's work on galaxy formation showed that galaxies in the early, distant Universe are intrinsically different from those nearby. Her work thus nullified previous attempts to measure cosmological distance from galaxies, but it also laid the groundwork for more accurate measurements of galactic distances and cosmological expansion."},
+"citations":[""],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["UGUD"]
+}

content/scientist/Emily Noether.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+"title":"name",
+"name":"Emily Noether",
+"linktitle":"Emily Noether",
+"last":"Noether",
+"institution_of_phd":"University of Erlangen",
+"field_of_phd":"Mathematics",
+"year_of_phd":"1907",
+"researchAreas":["Abstract Algebra", "Symmetry"],
+"relevantCourses":["Modern Physics", "Mathematical Methods", "Classical Mechanics"],
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether",
+"image":"/img/uploads/emily-noether.jpg",
+"general_bio":"Emily Noether was born in 1882 in Erlangen, Germany. She attended the University of Erlangen and graduated with an undergraduate degree and PhD in mathematics. However, she originally was barred from going to the University because of her gender. After her graduation, she struggled to find a job in academia. Even though she was plagued with discrimination because of her gender, she became a leading researcher in abstract algebra and symmetry. Her biggest contribution to the field of physics was Noether's theorem. This work was heavily influenced by her extensive expertise in symmetry and paved the way for modern physics as we know today. After her work developing her theorem, the Nazis took over Germany and Noether was of Jewish descent. She immigrated to the United States and taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. She died 18 months after her arrival in the US of complications for surgery at age 53.",
+"key_contributions":{
+"Noether's theorem": "Noether's theorem states that for every continuous symmetry of a physical system there is a corresponding conservation law. For example, if a physical process exhibits the same outcomes regardless of location or time, then it is symmetric under continuous translations in space and time respectively. By Noether's theorem, these symmetries account for the conservation laws of linear momentum and energy within this system, respectively."
+},
+"citations":["https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/science/emmy-noether-the-most-significant-mathematician-youve-never-heard-of.html","https://www.newscientist.com/people/emmy-noether/"],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["UG-UD"]
+}

content/scientist/Henrietta Swan Leavitt.md

@@ -1,40 +1,21 @@
 {
-  "title": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
-  "name": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
-  "linktitle": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
-  "last": "Leavitt",
-  "institution_of_phd": "Radcliffe College (B.S)",
-  "field_of_phd": "---",
-  "year_of_phd": "1892",
-  "researchAreas": ["astronomy", "observational astronomy", "variable stars", "novae"],
-  "relevantCourses": [
-    "Introduction to Astronomy",
-    "Observational Astronomy",
-    "Galactic Dynamics",
-    "Stellar Structure and Evolution",
-    "Cosmology",
-    "Astrophysics",
-    "Mathematical Physics"
-  ],
-  "relevant_concepts": [
-    "Astronomy",
-    "Variable Stars",
-    "Stellar Distances",
-    "Distance Ladder",
-    "Period-Luminosity Relation",
-    "Leavitt Law"
-  ],
-  "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt",
-  "images": ["/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg"],
-  "general_bio": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College, which was Harvard’s School for women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal arts college, so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory, where she would become a 'computer'. In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that there is a relationship between the star’s period of dimming and the star’s brightness in general. This property can then determine the distance between the earth and the star. Leavitt did suffer from health issues in her life and began to lose her hearing at age 17. In her adult life, she became deaf. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12th, 1921.",
-  "key_contributions":{
-      "Leavitt Law, period-luminosity relation" : "Period-Luminosity Relation (Leavitt Law): The Period-Luminosity relation was discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. From this, Leavitt devised the following equation m - M = 5 log(d,10), where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This equation can then determine the distance between us, these Cepheids, and the bodies that the Cepheids are located in. This discovery gave tangible distances of the bodies that surround us and cued scientists into the astronomical size of the universe."
-  },
-  "citations": [
-    "https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt",
-    "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html",
-    "https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"
-  ],
-  "layout": "person",
-  "level" : ["G"]
-}
+"title":"name",
+"name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
+"linktitle":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt",
+"last":"Leavitt",
+"institution_of_phd":"Radcliffe College (B.S.)",
+"field_of_phd":"Astronomy",
+"year_of_phd":"1892",
+"researchAreas":["astronomy","observational astronomy","variable stars","novae"],
+"relevantCourses":["Introductory Astronomy","Galactic Astronomy","Stellar Astrophysics","Women in Science"],
+"wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt",
+"image":"/img/uploads/henrietta-swan-leavitt.jpg",
+"general_bio":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born in 1868 in Massachusetts. She attended Radcliffe College which was Harvard's School for Women at the time. Radcliffe College was a liberal Arts college so Leavitt studied a variety of subjects, including math, art, philosophy, and language. It was not until her final year of study that she took a course on astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory. Leavitt then became a volunteer as a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory where she would become a 'computer.' In this role, Leavitt analyzed the data from the telescopes that she was not allowed to operate. Leavitt studied variable stars, which are stars that vary in brightness over time. From this work studying variable stars, she deduced that many variable stars have a relationship (now called the Leavitt Law) between the star's period of dimming and the star�s intrinsic brightness. This measurement can then be used to determine the distance between the Earth and the star, which otherwise is extremely difficult to measure.Leavitt began to lose her hearing at age 17 due to an illness, becoming deaf in her adult life. At Harvard College Observatory, she worked closely with Annie Jump Cannon, another deaf astronomer. She died at 53 years old from cancer on December 12, 1921.",
+"key_contributions":{
+"Leavitt Law, Period-luminosity relation" : "The period-luminosity relation was discovered by Henriretta Swan Leavitt in 1908 when studying Cepheids, which are stars that periodically dim and brighten. These Cepheids that Leavitt observed were located in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It was seen that the brighter the Cepheids were, the longer it took for the Cepheids to complete a full cycle of dimming and brightening. This relationship provides one of the best ways to measure the absolute magnitude (i.e., the intrinsic brightness) of star, which can then be combined with the apparent magnitude (i.e., the brightness it appears from Earth) to determine the distance to the star using the equation m - M = 5 log(d, 10) where d is distance, m is apparent magnitude, and M is absolute magnitude. This method of measuring distances transformed astronomers' understanding of the size and scale of the Universe, helping scientists like Edwin Hubble determine that certain 'spiral nebulae' like Andromeda were actually entire galaxies far outside out Milky Way."},
+"citations":["https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/remembering-astronomer-henrietta-swan-leavitt",
+"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/obituaries/henrietta-leavitt-overlooked.html",
+"https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html"],
+"layout":"person",
+"level":["G"]
+}

content/scientist/Robert A. Ellis Jr.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ellis_(physicist)",
   "general_bio": "Robert A. Ellis Jr. was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1927. Ellis earned his bachelor's degree from Fisk University and his master's from Yale University. Ellis became an instructor at the Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State College, at the time an all-Black institution (now Tennessee State University); Ellis later was promoted to full professor there. On leave from that position, he completed PhD work at the University of Iowa, where he was James Van Allen’s first PhD student. He designed payloads for balloon-launched rockets to study cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. From the obituary in Physics Today, 'Van Allen' urged him to seek a position at a research university. But Bob’s commitment to black. In 1956, Ellis joined Project Matterhorn (later became the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory) to work in a group led by Lyman Spitzer Jr., who invented the stellarator. Remained at PPPL until his death in 1989. He committed to furthering international cooperation and collaboration in science, in various positions (including spending 6 months at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk, USSR in 1969; 2 years as head of the physics section of the IAEA).",
   "key_contributions": {
-    "Stellarators and Tokamaks": "Tokamaks and Stellarators are both machines used for energy fusion. Energy fusion could offer a solution to the energy crisis because it would offer an alternative energy source with an abundance of fuel and no greenhouse gasses or radioactive waste would be produced. Tokamaks and Stellarators are both fusion reactors that hold plasmas in magnetic fields that heat up to an extremely high temperature that is necessary for hydrogen nuclei to fuse together. Tokamaks are more common to encounter due to their ability to hold in plasma and maintain temperature easier than the Stellarators. Additionally, Tokamaks’ donut shape, opposed to the Stellarator’s more twisted ring shape, makes it easier to build and design. However, Stellarators do not have magnetic disruptions that Tokamaks have. Ellis worked on both Stellarators and Tokamaks."
+    "Stellarators and Tokamaks": "Tokamaks and Stellarators are both machines used for energy fusion. Energy fusion could offer a solution to the energy crisis because it would offer an alternative energy source with an abundance of fuel and no greenhouse gasses or radioactive waste would be produced. Tokamaks and Stellarators are both fusion reactors that hold plasmas in magnetic fields that heat up to an extremely high temperature that is necessary for hydrogen nuclei to fuse together. Tokamaks are more common to encounter due to their ability to hold in plasma and maintain temperature easier than the Stellarators. Additionally, Tokamaks’ donut shape, opposed to the Stellarator's more twisted ring shape, makes it easier to build and design. However, Stellarators do not have magnetic disruptions that Tokamaks have. Ellis worked on both Stellarators and Tokamaks."
   },
   "citations": [
     "https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/44/3/86/406525/Robert-A-Ellis-Jr",

content/scientist/Ruby Payne-Scott.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "name": "Ruby Payne-Scott",
   "linktitle": "Ruby Payne-Scott",
   "last": "Payne-Scott",
-  "institution_of_phd": "University of Sydney (MSc)",
+  "institution_of_phd": "University of Sydney (M.S.)",
   "field_of_phd": "Physics",
   "year_of_phd": "1936",
   "researchAreas": ["radiophysics", "radio astronomy"],
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
   ],
   "relevant_concepts": ["Solar Radio Bursts", "Radio Astronomy", "Solar Flares"],
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Payne-Scott",
-  "general_bio": "Ruby Payne-Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28th, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to limited opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless. In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist. Although it was expected that she would quit her job once married, she kept her marriage a secret to continue her research.[CITE 1] While hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves[CITE 2] and assisted in the invention of the swept-lobe interferometer, which helped scientists scan the sky for single wave formations[CITE 3]. However, in 1950 it was discovered that she was married and she was forced to resign[CITE 4]. Ruby Payne-Scott died of dementia complications in 1981 at 68 years old.",
+  "general_bio": "Ruby Payne-Scott was born in New South Wales on May 28, 1912. She obtained her bachelor's and master's in physics from the University of Sydney. Payne was the third woman to graduate with a physics degree from the institution. Due to limited opportunities and jobs for women in the physics field, Payne-Scott became a teacher and worked at Amalgamated Wireless. In 1944, she married William Hall. The couple was very progressive and feminist. Although it was expected that she would quit her job once married, she kept her marriage a secret to continue her research [CITE 1]. While hiding her marriage, she discovered several types of solar flares and solar bursts through radio waves[CITE 2] and assisted in the invention of the swept-lobe interferometer, which helped scientists scan the sky for single wave formations [CITE 3]. However, in 1950 it was discovered that she was married and she was forced to resign [CITE 4]. Ruby Payne-Scott died of dementia complications in 1981 at 68 years old.",
   "key_contributions": {
-    "Solar Flares and Solar Bursts": "Solar flares are a burst of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun, usually from sunspots. Solar radio bursts are also electromagnetic waves from the accelerated electrons that come from around the solar flare site.[CITE 2]"
+    "Solar Flares and Solar Bursts": "Solar flares are a burst of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun, usually from sunspots. Solar radio bursts are also electromagnetic waves from the accelerated electrons that come from around the solar flare site [CITE 2]."
   },
   "citations": [
     "https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/",